Wireless Network Advantages and Disadvantages

radio set Ne dickensrk Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantagesThere be umteen advantages associated with installing a tuner internet compargond to a wired vane much(prenominal) as mobility, cost-effectiveness and adaptability.Wireless Networking is relatively cheaper than wired Networks since they require no argumentations between the computers as well as begin long term costs due to less maintenance since there is less equipment. The reduction of cables in like manner reduces the trip hazard cause by cables running along the floor in most homes. Most radiocommunication network equipment is plug-and-play, which helps reduce the total cost such as vendor installation and eliminates redundancy is contingency of a system crash.Wireless Networking is as well very mobile and versatile it is adaptable to most situations and requirements. Wireless networks erect easily be set up and dissembled, which is perfect for many people who are on temporary worksites/homes or leased space . It green goddess also provide networking in places where first-string wire cannot shit such as the backyard in a home situation. Access points can be used to boost the wireless signal range if essential. Since portable workstations such as laptops catch become popular, wireless networks can provide quick and simplified access to the internet and workspaces for students and teachers in universities etc. It is also extremely easy to add other comp mavennts onto this type of network such as easy installation of VoIP and printers etc without the lease to configure ones computer.DisadvantagesSince wireless networking is a relatively new and depending on(p) form of networking, it is filled with it own hazards and problems such as unreliability and security.Wireless networks have limited bandwidth, hence they cannot support Video Teleconferencing(VTC). It is also limited in its expandability due to the lack of available wireless spectrum for it to occupy.Wireless Network can also be a security risk if not installed and maintained properly. Wireless networks dont require any personal components to touch up to it such as wires, only a wireless adapter is required which significantly increases the accessibility of the network to potential hackers. This scenario is worsened if the network doesnt contain a password since it can then be accessed by anyone with ease.Wireless networks also have an increased chance of jamming and interference due to external factors such as fog and dust storms or when a flying heading such as an aeroplane passes over the field. When too many people in the same area use wireless networks, the band of air that they pass along signals on can become overloaded. pumped-up(a) networksAdvantagesWired networks have existed for a long times, therefore have developed exponentially over the recent years. Improvements have been made in the fields of speed, security and reliability.Wired networks offer the fastest transfer speed of all the networks. Gigabit Ethernet is currently the best choice for wired networks and provides speeds of up to one gigabit per second. This is almost deuce-ace times faster than the best wireless connection available and almost ninety times faster than a regular connection.Wired networks consist of physical, fixed connects which are not prone to interference and fluctuations in available bandwidth caused by factors such as walls. Features such as shielding(adding an atomic number 13 foil around the wires) and twisting at unalike strengths help reduce interference.Wired networks also have a remediate security system than wireless networks. The network itself is harder to connect to since it has to be physically committed to through wires which can become a hassle when trying to hack into it. It cannot be accessed from anywhere since the signals are not broadcasted.DisadvantagesWired networks mainly suffer the inverse of the advantages of a wireless network system such as lack of mobilit y and greater cost.Wireless network require greater resources such as cabling, switch/hub and network circulars to install and to maintain therefore the initial and long term costs are much higher. It can also be a large loss when it has to be disassembled and reinstalled since they wiring has to be completely overhauled and is normally unusable after because of damage.Wired networks can also be a hassle to install new components into because of all the computer hardware required to do this. Cables and network cards are required to install new computers to the system and wires need to be drawn from the switch to the computers. The wiring can become messy and indistinguishable very quickly and can become a potential safety hazard due to the risk of triping.Wired Network ComponentsSwitchThe network switch is a computer networking gismo that connects network segments, it connects the various parts of the network together like a convergence device. The network switch commonly refers t o a network bridge that processes and routes selective information at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that also process data at the Network layer are technically referred to as Multilayer switches.Network cardA network interface card, network adapter, network interface controller (NIC), network interface card, or LAN adapter is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by victimisation cables or wirelesslyCablingThere are many types of cabling available but the two common groups are the copper cables and the fibre optic cables.There are two main types of copper cables, twisted pairs and coaxial cable. Twisted pairs are two insulated wires twisted around each other to for a twisted pair. This leads to a better electrical performance and a slightly higher bit rate than untwisted pairs. The twisting helps reduce interference by twisting at different tightness and by also adding in a layer of aluminium around it(shielded). They have become the most common form of transmission media cable today. Coaxial cables are two-wire conductors with a larger bandwidth than the twisted pair cables. The inner cable is heavily insulated so it is safe from bending and crushing and separated from the plait outer conductor. This outer cable is in turn insulated. The resultant electrical field occurs outside the coaxial cable, thus reducing the level of noise making the medium suitable for conducting high bit rates over longer distances than twisted pairs.Fibre Optics Fibre optic cables work through total intimate reflection where a beam of light is passed through a hollow glass tube. There are two methods of transfer for this media, single mode and multi mode. single mode optical fibres only carry a single ray of light that can vary in wavelength. The ray travels analogue to the length of the fibre and is often called the transverse mode since its electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber. Multi mode is mostly used for communication over compendious distances. It utilizes multiple rays of light travelling through the same tube at the same time. Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 megabyte/s to 10 Gigabit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters.Wireless Network ComponentsWireless Modem/RouterA wireless router is a network device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN or a tangled wired/wireless network. A modem router al so allows access to the internet for the whole network.Wireless Network AdapterA wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters contain a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. There are many three main types of adapters, traditional PCI wireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer.SecurityAuthenticationAuthentications are security measures designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator, or a means of verifying an individuals potence to receive specific categories of information. E.g. Passwords.FirewallFirewalls can be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from acc essing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. Types of firewalls include packet filters, proxy master of ceremoniess, Application gateways and circuit level gateways.EncryptionEncryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a cipher text that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into its original form, so it can be understood. There are three types of encryption, manual, transparent and semi-transparent.ProposalThe most suitable network for this situation is a mixture of both wired and wireless networks. Offices two, three and four should be connected through physical wired connections to ensure maximum speed and reliability and the fastest possible connection with the server without creating a more permanen t layout e.g. burying the wires. Fast Ethernet cabling will be used since extreme transfer speeds are not required for this situation. Office one should be connected to wireless which eradicates the need for cables. Since there is only one computer connected wirelessly the bandwidth is not shared allowing for faster connection speed. There is also the added bonus of being able to connect laptops etc, which are becoming increasingly popular, to the network with ease. The switch and the router will be placed in office three along with the server since it will be the computer that is most frequently accessed, reducing the distance between it and the switch should increase performance. The router/modem will be connected to an internet access point to allow for internet connection.BibliographyAdvantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Networkshttp//faculty.ed.umuc.edu/meinkej/inss690/khayat.pdf (accessed 10/9/10)www.netgear.co.uk/home_newnetwork_wiredwireless.php (accessed 8/09/10)Advantag es and Disadvantages of Wired Networkshttp//www.see.ed.ac.uk/dil/thesis_mosaic/subsection2_7_2_2.html (accessed 10/9/10)www.web-articles.info//Advantages-of-Wired-Networks-over-Wireless-Networks/ (accessed on the 8/9/10)Network Componentshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_adapter (Accessed 10/09/10)http//www.teach-ict.com/as_a2/topics/networks/network%20components/network_components/index.htm (accessed 08/09/10)

Effect of Oxidative Stress on HAGE Expression

Effect of Oxidative Stress on HAGE ExpressionCancer is a conference of diseases which involves uncontrolled cubicle growth, metastasis and invasion of prison cells to other tissues via lymph node or blood. Cancer is caused by many factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as (i) Chemicals such as tobacco, alcohol, asbestos etc., (ii) Viral infections such as Human Papiloma Virus, Epstin Barr Virus, hepatitis B, C etc., (iii) Ionizing radiations such as X-Rays, UV-Rays, Gamma Rays etc., (iv) Hereditary factors such as renewings in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, p53 mutations, APC gene mutations, Retinoblastoma gene mutation etc., (v) Horm iodins which promote growth proliferation such as growth horm integritys, estrogen, progester iodine etc.Cancer is classified into malignant and benign tumours. Malignant tumours are mostly liquidity tumours which metastasize to other tissues via lymph node and blood. kindly tumours are mostly solid tumours which stay at one particular tissue and seldom migr ate. Malignant and Benign tumours are re classified on the type of cell and tissue from which they originate. They are classified as followsi) Carcinomas These are the malignancies of the epithelial cells, which line the internal organs of the body and withal present on the surface the body such as skin.ii) Sarcomas These are solid tumours present in connective tissues such as bones and lymph systems (Crowley 2006)Furthermore the tumours are classified according to (i) site of origin as in lung pubic louse, breast cancer etc., (ii) type of cell such as rhabdomyosarcoma and acute lymphocytic leukaemia. (Ruddon 2007)The progression from a normal cell to malignant one involves the dysregulation of genes implicated in the control of normal proliferation / death over many years. These are normal functions regulated by proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.Proto-Oncogene And tumour Suppressor GeneProtooncogene is found to be norm in ally expressed in all vertebrates including hu mans. It is overly found to be expressed in some insects and yeasts. Protooncogenes play an important role regulating normal cell growth and differentiation. They also perform functions such as signal transduction and mitogenic signal execution RAS, MYC, TRK, ERK are some examples of protooncogenes (Novakofski 1991). Oncogenes are derived from protooncogenes during the process of carcinogenesis. The formation of active oncogene leads to abnormal cell proliferation and thus contributes to the formation of tumour (Alitalo and Schwab 1986). A protooncogene can be converted into an oncogene in a variety of ways such as (i)Transduction generate by retroviruses which cause the integration viral DNA with the host. This DNA on translation give rise to viral proteins which cause the activation of protooncogene, thereby lead story to cancer. (ii) Mutation within the protooncogene leading to an increased activity of the protein. (iii) chromosomal translocation where the gene for proto oncog ene is translocated to other loci, which cause its abnormal prospect. For eg in the translocation of abl in chromosome 9 to bcr region chromosome 22 as found in Philadelphia chromosome (Rowley 1973) (iv) Amplification induced by gene duplication, mis-regulation of gene which leads to over rumination of protooncogenes. (Todd and Munger 1999)Unlike oncogenes, the tumour suppressor genes normally repress cell growth in variety of ways such as (i) repressing the genes important for cell cycle progression. For eg., pRb (retinoblastoma ) controls the G1 stage by being hypophosphoryated and non allowing the release of transcription factor E2F which promotes G1-S transition. (ii) Stopping cell cycle on detecting DNA damage. DNA damage induces p53 which now leaves from its interacting partner Mdm2 and increases the activity of p21. This p21 protein thusce inactivates cyclin dependent kinases which are essential for cell cycle progression, (iii) Apoptosis may also be promoted by p53 when damage is irreversible. (iv) inducing DNA pay off proteins to repair DNA damage and prevent abnormal cell proliferation. (Yoshida, et al. 2000)There are a take of mechanisms by which a cancer cell survives in a body. This is illustrated in the diagram below.(Weinberg and Hanahan, 2000)TreatmentThe choice of therapy depends upon the location and stage / grade of the tumour, as thoroughly as the health of the patient. There are a number of therapies for treating cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiaotherapy, hormonal therapy etc.,The deregulation of many genes in cancer cells leads to the over-expression of altered proteins which can be used as biomarker which can depict help for the diagnosis and / prognosis of the treatment but can also be used as potential target for immunotherapy.Cancer antigens and their classificationTumour antigen is an antigenic substance produced in the tumour cells and triggers an immune reaction in the host. They are useful in identifying tumour c ells and are used in cancer therapy. Tumour antigens are classified as Cancer testis antigen, Differentiation antigens, Tumour specific unique antigens, Overexpressed Self Antigens, Viral antigens, Post-translationally, Oncofoetal antigens, Idiotypic Antigens as shown in the confuse belowCopied from (Li, et al. 2005)Amongst all these categories, cancer testis antigen represent the most promising group of antigen to be used in future immunotherapeutic interventions due to their limit expression to mainly to tumour cells with the exception of placenta and testis which are immune-privileged sites and therefore would not pose any real issue for the risk of autoimmunity.(Simpson, et al. 2005)HAGEHAGE also cognize as DDX43 and CT13 antigen belongs to this category of antigens and was first identified by Martelange et al utilize cDNA subtraction approach of a human sarcoma cell line.(Martelange, et al. 2000)Using rational intercrossed analysis, it was found that HAGE gene is located o n chromosome 6. HAGE was found to be overexpressed in several tumours. There is a low expression of HAGE in normal tissues since the expression is regulated by hypermethylationHAGE is also over expressed in tissues such as testis, placenta, and ovaries. HAGE is commonly expressed at the m-ribonucleic acid take though recent studies in melanoma cells suggest that HAGE could also be expressed at the protein level.(Mathieu, et al. 2010) The name DDX43 comes from the fact that HAGE also belongs to another group of protein known as Dead box seat proteins and referred to as DDX43. (Abdelhaleem 2004)Dead box proteinsThese proteins were discovered in the late 1980s. (Gorbalenya, et al. 1989)Dead box proteins belong to the family of RNA helicases and play an important role in the transcription, post transcriptional modifications such as splicing, transport, translation, decay and biogenesis of ribosomes. NTP hydrolysis provides energy to these enzymes and they unwind dsRNA or disrupt RNA- Protein interaction. DDX and DHX are widely studied Dead Box Proteins. There are many classes of DDX and HAGE belongs to DDX43.They are so named because they contain the amino acids D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) in one of their motives namely Motif II. Besides they also contain motifs such as motif I, Q-motif, motif VI, motif Ia, Ib, III, IV and V as shown in the diagram below. These motifs bestow properties such as ATP binding and hydrolysis, RNA interaction, remodelling activity etc to these proteins. The consensus sequence of of a sudden box family is shown belowCopied from (Linder 2006)Regulation and Function of HAGEBoth function and regulation of HAGE occupy not been studied in great detail (Scanlan, Simpson and Old 2004). In normal tissues HAGE expression is regulated by DNA hypermethylation, Histone modifications such as histone aceylation, histone deacylation and histone methylation. However in cancer, there could be many mechanisms of upregulation of HAGE. The most commonly purpose mechanism is the demethylation of DNA which leads to HAGE over-expression. (Roman-Gomez, et al. 2007)HAGE could also be induced due to transformation of normal cells during cancer or due to the action of oncogenes. HAGE might also be induced randomly. HAGE may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, transcription and initiation of translation. (Rocak and Linder 2004)This project bequeath focus on detail and Neck Cancer.Head and Neck CancerHead and Neck cancer are the cancers that arise from the upper aerodigestive tract such as nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and paranasal sinuses. Most of them are of squamous cell carcinoma type of the head and neck and have been given the acronym -SCCHN or HNSCC. (Argiris, et al. 2008). The diagram of the anatomy of the head and neck is illustrated belowCopied from (Wu, et al. 2009) much than half a million patients are diagnosed with head and neck cancer every year. Head and Neck cancer in fact eyeshades for more than 3-10% of the cancers(Gourin and McMains 2005). Smoking, alcohol, sacramental manduction of betel leaf with tobacco and areca are the major risk factors for this cancer. Recently, HPV type 16 has been identified as one of the causes for head and neck cancer and account for 40% (Goodger and McGurk 2000)The progression of this tumour is complicated. It progresses from the normal features to hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, carcinoma, invasive carcinoma and metastasis. The progression may be caused by due to genetic instabilities such as loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 9p21, inactivation of of p16 and loss of 3p, loss of 18q, inactivation of PTEN, some translocations, 17Beta heterozygosity or TP53 mutation. (Argiris, et al. 2008)Copied from (Argiris, et al. 2008)Interestingly HAGE was found the John van Geest group to be overexpressed in 40% of HNSCC cancers (unpublished data) and although much of its function is now emerging no informat ion exist at the moment regarding the regulation of its expression. However it has been observed that cells left for extended period of time in the incubator had a significantly high-pitcheder expression of HAGE at the mRNA and protein level.Aim of this projectThe observation that HAGE was over-expressed in 40% of HNSCC led to hypothesis that cells under puree i.e lack of nutrients, decrease oxygen level, as well as other factors influence HAGE expression. Moreover it has been found that HAGE is also expressed in 20% of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and 50% Chronic Myeloid Leukemia as well as many solid tumours such as HNSCC (Adams, et al. 2002). This suggests that there must be something in common between these 2 very different forms of cancer. CML and solid tumours are known to have a high expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), therefore it might be possible that ROS induces HAGE expression.Thus this project ordain focus on the effect of oxidative stress has on HAGE expression. The effect of other stress such as temperature may also be investigated.METHODSCell CultureThe PCI 13 and PCI 30 cell lines would be supplied by Prof E Tatour. These cell lines are specific for Head and Neck cancer. The cells would be grown in RPMI 1640 +10%(v/v) FCS+2mM L-glutamine and incubated at 37oC and 5%C02 atmosphere. filiation of m-RNAThe culture media would be removed and washed with DPBS(Dulbeccos phosphate buffer saline). Then DPBS go out be removed followed by the addition of RNA-STAT 60. RNA pellets would be therefore retrieved and re-suspended in ddH2O. RNA extracted is wherefore quantified using NANODROP 8000 UV spectrophotometer. RNA would be because added in measurement surface of the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer would be read at 260 and 280nm and the standard of RNA will be calculated. The RNA minginess is calculated in g/l before being adjusted to 1g/l by ddH2O. RNA samples would be then stored at -80oC and used for conducting RT-PCR and RTq-P CR in the future.RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR)From the extracted RNA cDNA will be synthesized. 2 g of RNA sample will be mixed with 1 l of oligo-dT primers and diluted to 15 l of ddH20 in an Eppendorf tube. All RNA samples would follow the same process. UNO Thermoblock will be used to heat the tubes to 70C for 5 min which allows the primer-RNA annealing. 10 l of reverse transcriptase mix, which will be prepared by mixing Muloney Murine Leukemia Virus 5-X buffer, dNTPs, RNasin RNAse inhibitor, M-MLV-reverse transcriptase and ddH20. The tubes will be then pre-heated in a water bath at 39.2C for 80 min which allows cDNA synthesis. Tubes will be removed and kept again in the UNO-Thermoblock and heated to 95C for five minutes which stops the reaction. These tubes would be stored at -20C for future use.Real Time qPCRcDNA generated from RT PCR will be used as a template and the reagents used will be (i) 6.25l iQ Sybr Green, (ii) 0.5l gene specific sense primer (iii) 0.5l gene specific anti-sense primer, (iv) 4.75 l ddH20 and 0.5l cDNA template. These reagent mixtures will be added to all tubes for a specific gene. Samples will be usually carried out in duplicate with a negative control that contains the reaction mixture without cDNA. Rotogene 6000 real time qPCR analyser will be used to carry out RT qPCR. Relative gene expression using 2CT method will be calculated with the help of the expression of housekeeping genes HPRT-1, HSP-27 and HSP-90.The primers which will be used in real time qPCR experiment is given below. These primers are supplied by mwg-Eurofins. The primers have a stock concentration of 100pmol/l and will be diluted to a working concentration of 10pmol/l. From this working 0.5l (5pM) of primers will be used. integral Protein extractionCells will be grown to 75% confluence in T75 flasks. Cells will be trypsinised, washed and re-suspended in DPBS and these cells will be then counted using trypan blue. Cells will be diluted to 1X106/ml using DPBS an d 5 X106 cells would be taken in a 1.5ml eppendorf. Centrifugation will be done to pellet the cells. The supernatant will be discarded and lysis buffer containing a cocktail of RIPA buffer and 10% protease inhibitor will be added to the pellet. The eppendorf tube will be then primed(p) on a tube rotator at 4C for 30 min. It will be then kept on ice for 30 min. Cells will be again centrifuged at 14000 RPM for 30 min at 4C. Aliquot of the supernatant will be prepared to be stored at -20C for future use.Total Protein AssayTotal protein assay will be carried out using BioRad Dc protein assay reagents. Series of dilutions (0.2,0.4,0.5,0.8,1.0,1.5,2.0mg/ml) will be created using stock BSA solution with the concentration of 10 mg/ml. Protein extracts and standards would be tested in triplicates and duplicates respectively. Assays will be performed in 96-well round bottom plates. 25l and 200 l of reagent A and B will be added to all the samples and the samples will be incubated at room tem perature for an hour. Proteins will be then read at 750nm and their concentrations would be calculated based on the standard values. western Blotting30 l of sample will be loaded into the wells of SDS PAGE gels. 1X tris-glycine-SDS will be used as the spielning buffer. A known molecular weight ladder will also be run alongside the samples. Initially 70V current will be applied to aid the migration of proteins through the 5% stacking gel. Once the proteins reach the 10% separating gel, 90V current will be applied. After the proteins run through the gel, they will be expatriationred to the PVDF membrane with the help of liquid transfer. This membrane will be prepared by dry wash with 10% methanol for 5 seconds, ddH2O for 5 min and transfer buffer for 10 min. Liquid transfer will be carried out using the following steps.1. chilly transfer buffer will be used to immerse a gel frame.To this gel frame a brush pre soaked in transfer buffer will be placedThen a filter card, gel, PVDF m embrane, another filter card and a second pre soaked buffer sponge will be placed in order starting from the first filter card.Proteins will be transferred with the help of electric current of 100V applied for one hour.After completion, membranes will be cut and treated with different antibodies.10% (w/v) curiosity milk solution will be used to wash the membrane for one hour at room temperature. This washing blocks the non-specific binding sites. The blocking solution will be then discarded and the antibody diluted to 10% (w/v) in Marvel milk solution will be added. This antibody coated membrane will be agitated overnight on a plate rocker at 4C. The next day there would be 3, 10 min washes with TSBT(Tris-Buffered Saline-Tween-20). During these washes the membrane vessel will be agitated in plate orbital shaker at room temperature.After completing the washing process, a subsidiary antibody specific to the primary antibody will be added. The steps for adding the secondary antibody a re same as the primary antibody addition except for the fact that no overnight incubation is required and the secondary antibody will be incubated only for one hour while being agitated on the shaker at room temperature. The marker will also be stained using streptavidin-HRP secondary antibody.After performing the above step the membranes will be developed. Membrane development will be performed by placing the membrane in a tray and washing it with ECL reagent. The membrane would be then exposed for a certain period of time using CCD camera.Assay for ROS-DCFDA Stress TestStock Solution trainingThe stock solution of Hanks Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS)will be prepared according to the manufacturers protocol.DCFDA(2,7-dchlorofluoroscein -diacetate) AssayTo test ROS levels DCFDA test will be performed. Before conducting the DCFDA assay, the standardization of best concentrations of H2O2 and DCFDA for detecting cell stress should be performed. It is important to note that H2O2 should b e added only sub-lethally and should not be added in proportion which may cause cell death.The PCI 13 and 30 cells will be plated out in two 24 well plates. 1ml of each type of cells plus RPM1640 10% FCS media will be added to 8 wells per plate and will be incubated overnight at 37C. The media will be removed the next day and increasing concentration of DCFDA will be added to both plates and the cells will be incubated with Tinfoil wrapping to prevent light exposure and incubated at 37oC for 30 min. The cells will be then washed and then cold HBSS will be added. After this step the cells will be stressed with increasing concentration of H2O2 (see diagram below). The cells will then be again wrapped in tin foil and placed on a rocking platform for 15 min. The same method will be followed for treating other wells with different concentrations of DCFDA. Experiments will be performed at least twice for each cell line. H2O2 will be removed after 15 min and cells will be trypsinised with 100microL trypsin and Versene. 800 microL of DPBS will be added to one of the 2 wells and will be pipetted thoroughly so as to remove the cells from the well surface. This will be then transferred to the other well and then 1ml of solution would be transferred to Flow associated cell cytometry (FACS) tube for analysis. The same procedure will be carried for other sets of wells. DCFDA fluorescence would be measured using Gallios flow cytometer and results would be analysed in Kaluza program.Time Line For The ProjectDuring the month of may, all techniques such as Western Blotting, mRNA/protein extraction, Real Time PCR will be learnt. This time is indicated in red colour in the graph below. This will overlap with the time duration, from May to the end of June, during which hydrogen peroxide experiment will be performed as per written in the method section and the expression of HAGE will be monitored at both the mRNA and protein level. Also from the start of June to the end of July re peat experiments will be performed and if time permits, the effect of thermal stress on HAGE expression will also be investigated. This is indicated in the graph below.SUMMARYCancer Testis Antigens (CTA) are antigens that are expressed in a variety of tumours. They are usually absent in normal tissues with the exception of testis and placenta where they are expressed as self tolerant antigens. Since these antigens have strong immunogenicity and their expression is mostly curb to tumours, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therefore much research is ongoing for the identification of CTA.Recently helicase antigen HAGE was identified as a CTA and was found to be over-expressed in HSNSCC, AML and CML. Thus there might be a common link between these different types of cancers. Moreover ROS is known to be induced in all these tumours and it may be possible that ROS causes increased expression of HAGE. Thus the aim of this project would be to investigate the effect of oxidat ive stress on HAGE expression.HAGE expression would be analysed both at the m-RNA and protein level in two cell lines namely PCI 13 and PCI 30 using techniques such as m-RNA extraction, RT PCR, Western Blotting and Protein assay. The ROS level would be evaluated using the DCFDA assay.Since the mechanism of HAGE regulation is unknown, positive result in the project would help in elucidating a mechanism by which HAGE could be regulated.

Review of IT Project Management Practices in the UAE

Review of IT pick up solicitude Practices in the UAEA Study on the UAE IT perseveranceABSTRACTI keep six bonnie serving men, (They taught me all I know)Their names be What and Why and When And How and Where and Who.-Rudyard KiplingThis trace presents findings of a research dispatch that explored the distinct approaches of UAE-establish IT organisations in following different job direction practices to deal with their IT final causes. no in every case much of proletariat centering data on UAE IT fabrication exists today. Therefore it was decided to do a try on it. The research findings be based on a questionnaire survey conducted between July and August 2008 among 200 organisations of UAE. A primitive of 48 valid responses were received, representing an everyplaceall response rate of 24%.The claim achieved a primary aim of explanatory and constructivist research, which is to enhance knowledge and understanding of a phenomenon. An emergent-based, general systems approach was adopted for the whole learn. General System theory is a holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems. It recognizes relativity of knowledge and is a general wisdom of wholeness (Bertalanffy, 1968). The theory was used to break down the whole research technique into versatile comp geniusnts yet even keep opening the law of the research objective.A diagnose finding was the mettle both(prenominal) amount of misery risks that came along with IT tole order. In addition, it was found that advise worry added a lot of apprize to IT considers and if carried out efficiently it could stand by avoid the failure risks.A surprise disc everywherey was that although roughly of the organisations valued cast off solicitude a lot, they did not rush a dedicated Project heed Office (PMO) in place. Further, it was found out that high involvement of external organisations could be whiz of the factors responsible for the high amount of risks involved wi th IT upchucks. It was observe that 25% of the regorge managers were not aw be of the run into management maturity takes of their organisations. Project managers seemed to beat tough condemnations managing cartridge holder, em embody and risk in IT projects. Also, to the highest degree of the organisations did not believe in recording the lessons learned and hence knowledge was not transferred to the new projects from the previous ones.Strong indicators in all likelihood exist to warrant farther research into investigating the basic reasons behind a high percentage of failed IT projects. Further research into the relationship between project management methodology and project triumph seems warranted on behalf of the indicators provided by the respondents.INTRODUCTIONI bear not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that wont work.-Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)If your project doesnt work, flavor for the part that you didnt weigh was importantArthur BlochThe signifi potent iometert problems we face sightnot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them. -Albert Einstein (1879-1955)The low rule of whatsoever engine room used in a melodic line is that mechanization applied to an efficient movement allow magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.-Bill GatesThe Roman bridges of antiquity were very inefficient structures. By modern standards, they used toomuch stone, and as a result, far too much drudge to build. Over the eld we occupy learned to build bridges more than efficiently, employ fewer materials and less labor to perform the same task. -Tom Clancy (The Sum of All Fears)In 1986, Alfred Spector, president of Transarc Corporation, stated that bridge building could be compargond to package development. He added, The premise Bridges atomic number 18 usually built on- prison term, on-budget, and do not collapse. On the other hand, pa ckage system never come alongs in on-budget or on-time. Also, it ever breaks down. mavin of the biggest reasons why bridges come in on-time, on-budget and do not collapse is be run their designs are extremely particular propositioned. Once the designing phase is all over, it is then frozen and the asseverator has very little flexibility in changing the specifications. However, in todays fast moving profession environment, having a frozen design in place national agency no changes in the business practices. Therefore efforts must be made to use a more flexible imitate. This could be and has been used as an translation for development failure. exactly beside 3,000 years of experience, there is another difference between software failures and bridge collapses. When a bridge collapses, investigation is carried out and a stem is written on the cause of the failure. It is not so in the IT manufacture where failures are cover up, ignored, and/or rationalized. As a result, the same mistakes are perennial over and over again. accord to the Standish Group report, more than $250 one thousand million is spent every year on IT application development of approximately 175,000 projects in the coupled States. The average make up of a development project for a underage club is $434,000 for a medium company, it is $1,331,000 and for a large company, it is $2,322,000. A great calculate of these projects will fail. IT projects have always known to be in chaos.The research showed that a staggering 31.1% of projects got blow uped before they ever got completed. Further results indicated that 52.7% of projects had cost 189% of their original estimates. The cost of these failures and overruns were just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. The lost opportunity costs were not measur up to(p), unless could easily be in trillions of dollars. The cessation of this problem tooshie be realized by expression at example of the City of capital of Colorado. The failure t o produce reli able software to handle luggage at the new Denver airport was cost the metropolis $1.1 million per day.Based on this research, in 1995 American companies and regime agencies spent $81 billion for canceled software projects. These same organisations paying an additional $59 billion for software projects that were completed, scarce had exceed their original time estimates. Risk is always a factor when pushing the engineering envelope, but legion(predicate) of these projects were as average as a driving license database, a new accounting package, or an order entry system.On the supremacy side, the average was provided 16.2% for software projects that were completed on-time and on-budget. In the larger companies, the news was even worse only 9% of their projects came in on-time and on-budget. And, even when these projects were completed, many were no more than a unspotted shadow of their original specification requirements. Projects completed by the largest America n companies had only approximately 42% of the originally-proposed features and functions which goes to show that these projects lacked scope management. smaller companies fared much better in this aspect. 78.4% of their software projects got deployed with at least 74.2% of their original features and functions.48% of the IT executives in the research sample felt that there were more failures during that termination than those five-spot years ago. But it was to a fault find that over 50% felt that there were fewer or the same number of failures at that dismantle of time than there were five and ten years ago.So the Standish Group reported an improvement in IT project success rates and claimed that it was collectable to an cast up ability to know when to cancel failing projects. Standish Group Chairman Jim Johnson commented The real improvement that I saw was in our ability to-in the worlds of Thomas Edison-know when to stop lacing a dead buckEdisons attain to success was th at he failed fairly often but as he said, he could recognize a dead horse before it started to smellIn information technology we ride dead horses-failing projects-a long time before we give up. But what we are seeing now is that we are able to get off them able to reduce cost overrun and time overrun. Thats where the major impact came on the success rate. (Cabanis, 1998)There is a new or renewed interest in project management today as the number of projects hatchs to grow and their complexity plows to rise. As already observed, the success rate of IT projects has more than doubled since 1995, but still only about a third are successful in meeting scope, cost, and time goals. More and more projects and organisations can succeed consistently by adopting a more disciplined approach to managing projects.Research ObjectivesThis study provides first-hand information on success and failure rates of IT projects in the UAE and on distinct approaches and methodologies followed by all differ ent kinds of IT organisations in governing IT projects. It too aims to survey attitudes of organisations towards distinct project management touch ones like cost management, time management, risk management, etc. and spend a penny a future direction for organisations so that they realize the value of the virtually significant process groups of project management and do not neglect them in the forthcoming projects.It could be useful in the following four areas (1) it can be helpful for relevant regime departments in preparing strategies for project management in the IT industry (2) it can promote the awareness of commercial benefits of project management among managers in IT companies of UAE and encourage them to seriously consider project management in their businesses (3) it can increase the competence and confidence in applying project management by local companies by providing management guidance on the selection and development of project management methodologies and (4) i t can be beneficial to the educational institutions of UAE for teaching and conducting further research on information technology project management.According to the spherical Industry Classification Standard (GICS), the IT industry consists of three primary sub-sectors firstly, technology software program serve, including companies that primarily develop software in various fields much(prenominal) as the Internet, applications, systems, databases management and/or home entertainment, and companies that provide information technology consulting and run, as well as data processing and outsourced operate secondly Technology hardware Equipment, including manufacturers and distributors of communications equipment, com tack togetherers and peripherals, electronic equipment and related instruments and thirdly, Semiconductors Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturers. This particular report is confined to the use of project management among the areas of Technology Software Service s and Technology hardware Equipment only. The research was not conducted on the Semiconductors Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturers in UAE.Contents of this declareChapter Two introduces project management and its significance for any business sector. It then demonstrates the speedy suppuration in adoption of project management in IT projects. This is followed by a synopsis of the UAE grocery and the UAE IT industry. The chapter ends signifying the impact of project management on the UAE IT industry. Chapter trine expands on the significance of project management as viewed through academic lit. This outlines how project management is known to add value to IT projects and some characteristics observed by organisations that have gone through the process of formalizing project management (Center for Business Practices). Using historical works of the last 20 years, it in any case highlights the most plethoric factors responsible for high failures rates of IT projects. This i s followed by views of authors on various project management process groups and methodologies.Having discussed not only the pros of project management but also the problems faced during the entire process, Chapter Four is concerned with the research methodology and detailed analysis of the survey conducted. Chapter Five brings out the fall upon survey findings in detail and compares these with the literature surveyed in Chapter Two indicating the extent to which the survey findings break new ground.Chapter Six builds up on the key findings defined here, their practical implications, and a look towards how this research could be developed. This includes a brief description of limitations of this study and of recommendations on how these limitations could be overcome in subsequent studies. understateProject management is the most critical business skill and competency of today that forms the basic building block of a knowledge based company for businesses and professions in oil and g as, petroleum, petrochemicals, chemicals, coat and mining, infrastructures, buildings, IT, Healthcare, Finance, Telecoms, Manufacturing, and many more work and banking industries. Project management was declared to be the better career on earth by the Fortune magazine. Recently, PMI reported that like a shot more and more organisations and authorities agencies are adopting and making project management a strategic competency.Information systems (IS) and information technologies (IT) are the fastest growing industries in developed and most of the developing countries. Huge amounts of money are still being invested in these industries (Abdel-Hamid Madnick, 1990). Every organisation wants to gain a emulous advantage, maintain it and play from the front. Hence, there is a corresponding pressure to increase productivity. To maintain a competitive edge in todays fast-changing world, the success of an organisation depends on efficaciously developing and adopting information syste ms.According to Zells (1994) and other studies, approximately 85% of IT projects under-taken in the western countries are at the lowest level of capability maturity model (CMM). The challenges at this level are to have project planning, project management, configuration management, and quality assurance in place and have them working effectively. To improve project delivery performance, a number of organisations are adopting project management approaches and setting up project management offices (Barnes, 1991 Butterfield Edwards, 1994 King, 1995 Munns Bjeirmi, 1996 Raz, 1993 Redmond, 1991).Current literature on IT projects shows that most of the IT problems are not technical, they are of management, organisational or behavioral nature. (Johnston, 1995 Martin, 1994 Whitten, 1995).Fishers (1991) survey of technology firms showed that if project management improved, time and cost could be bring down by more than 25% and profits would increase by more than 5%. This has since been val idated by using different project management methodologies and analyzing the extent to which these practices can be adopted, based on internal benchmarking by the companies involved in the field trials.The UAE Market the UAE IT IndustryUAE has realised the significance of project management in the IT due to its rapid growth in the IT industry. As expected by Business Monitor International (BMI), the total size of the UAE IT market is to increase from around US$3.4bn in 2007 to close to US$4bn in 2012. With IT a key element of the Emirates development, a number of major local and federal official government initiatives together with a untroubled and diversifying economy should ensure continued growth over the forecast period. Mean period, the oil-led boom across the Middle easternmost will continue to be a climb to IT and infrastructure spending in the UAE. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)As per the BMI report, the federal government is also encouraging the development of smart cities, another regional trend. In 2007 the government inform that its target of getting 90% of businesses online by the end of the year was likely to be met. Services are becoming an more and more significant component of many deployment contracts, as evidenced by recent projects by leading UAE corporations such as Emirates Airlines and the local telecommunication provider Etisalat. enthronement is expected to be strongest in the government, financial, and oil and gas verticals. Other key non-oil sectors driving the economy include banking and finance, which are likely to be the single largest industry vertical in call of IT investments over the forecast period. Real estate has also experienced a massive investment boom in the past five years, and this is expected to continue and grow, with the National Bank of Dubai projecting at least US$50bn in outlays in property development in the emirate by 2010. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)Industry DevelopmentsThe BMI report states that the UAE federa l governments recently announced UAE Strategic Plan calls for a strengthening of e-government programmes. The centralize of the programme is to prolong implementation of programmes at federal government level. The federal government ministries have often lagged behind progress by the leading local governments, particularly Dubai. As such, Dubai government, which has had many of its departments and services online for some time, will lend expertness to the project.However, local government continues to dominate and accounts for around 20% of total IT Services spending. Dubai Municipality announced that it expects to spend anything between US$1.6mn and US$2.2mn per year over the future(a) few years implementing its plan of getting 90% of government services online. It is likely the organisation will spend at least US$2.8mn yearly on e-government initiatives. Abu Dhabi is accelerating its efforts to emulate Dubai, led by the Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Committee (ADSEIC), a b ody created in 2005 to develop and drive initiatives to transfigure government services in the Emirate. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)From the above trend, it can be observed that the number of IT jobs in UAE has gone up by 5000 percent since 2005. This goes to show how quickly the UAE IT Industry has grown in the past three years and that it is still going strong.Competitive LandscapeAccording to BMI, with government accounting for as much as 40% of IT spending, and e-government programmes solely around half that, vendors are continuing to find opportunities. Recently the Ministry of Development for the Government sector sign a strategic agreement with Microsoft Gulf whereby Microsoft will support federal e-government programmes with reproduction and technical support. Under the agreement Ministries will also use legal Microsoft software. Meanwhile, the leading body for Abu Dhabis e-government programme, the Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Committee (ADSIC) signed an Enterprise L icence Agreement with Oracle. The agreement establishes Oracle as a key technology partner and provides for the Abu Dhabi Government to obtain Oracle software solutions and support and maintenance services.The continuing growth in PC sales in 2007 in the UAE did not significantly alter the competitive landscape of a market which accounts for approximately 40% of the overall regional PC sales. Today the market remains dominated by international players such as Acer, Dell and HP with the top five brands accounting for more than 50% of the market. Meanwhile, the share held by local assemblers continues to dwindle, due in part to their relational weakness in the growth area of notebooks. However, local assemblers hope that their future will be brighter since UAE-based firms such as Sky Electronics have already been engagement back. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)HardwareThe UAE hardware market is estimated at about US$1.4bn in 2007, which shows a 12% growth from US$1.2bn in 2006, and is one o f the largest in the region. oft of the growth is due to small and medium enterprise spending, particular on mobile computers, which are expected to account for around 60% of sales over the forecast period. Notebooks are also proving to be popular with the consumer segment, particularly with the introduction of features such as integrated wi-fi, webcam and entertainment features such as HD DVD. Sales of PC notebooks and accessories have been expected to croak more than US$1bn by the end of 2008, while the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the 2007 to 2012 period as a whole is expected to be in the region of 8%. Current and future investments in education and e-government, fuelled by new oil revenues, will lead to desktop rollouts in schools, colleges and government offices across the Emirates. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)SoftwareBMI estimates that the UAEs software spending will pass US$400mn in 2008, representing around 17% of the IT expenditure. CAGR for spending on packaged software is put at 10% over the 2007 to 2012 period, with the UAE being of the regions fastest-growing ERP markets, as more businesses realise the benefits of efficient management of resources within their internal processes.The UAE also has one of the regions lowest software piracy rates at just 35% according to the Business Software Association (BSA), which has praised the UAE government and Ministry of Economy for its efforts in promoting anti-piracy initiatives. The government has combated illegal software in a number of ways, both through anti-piracy legislation and enforcement measures. Customer relationship management (CRM) will be one of the growth areas with fewer than 2% of small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Middle East region having a specialised CRM application in place. BMI predicts plenty of room for growth in the forecast period as numerous untapped sub-sectors still exist. Key verticals include process manufacturing (mainly oil and gas), followed by the financial services industry. Two other key segments are the telecom and the public sectors. During the next five years high-growth categories are set to include CRM, enterprise resource planning (ERP) business intelligence, retentivity and security products. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)IT ServicesBMI expects that the IT Services market will reach a value of more than US$1,003mn by 2012, with outsourcing accounting for an increasingly large deal out of up to 25%. IT services revenues compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the 2006 to 2012 period is expected to be 10%, encouraging vendors to shift their focus away from simply transformation boxes. Services are becoming an increasingly significant component of many deployment contracts, as evidenced by recent projects by leading UAE corporations such as Emirates Airlines and Etisalat. Outsourcing is also predicted to be a growing trend, with recent landmark outsourcing deals awarded by entities such as the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricit y control (ADWEA)and civil service departments. Global vendors such as IBM Global Services are competing for its business with local companies such as Injazat Data Systems, which with its wakeless government connections has grown to be a major force in the market, reporting BPO deals with 13 leading private and public organisations. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)E-ReadinessThe recent Global Information Technology report sponsored by lake herring noted the UAEs success in creating a good ICT environment by placing it top of the rankings for 122 countries. The survey, which looks at the preference of countries to leverage the opportunities offered by ICT for development and increased competitiveness, praised the UAEs good regulatory environment, and clear government leadership in leveraging IT and promoting its use. According to the report, ICT has empowered individuals and revolutionised the business and economic landscape while fostering social networks and companies. boilers suit in ternet penetration in the UAE was estimated at close to 40% by the end of 2006, far above the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) average, reflecting the UAEs status as one of the most advanced IT countries in the middle-east. Broadband penetration is around 10% and is expected to rise 60% over the forecast period. In equipment casualty of e-government development, additional new phases to be introduced in the project last year (as mentioned in the Industry Developments section) include e-portal, e-project, the HR Management System (HRMS) and the Financial Management Integration System (FMIS) projects. The e-government High Committee has expressed satisfaction with the progress made on implementation of the e-government initiative to date. (Mindbranch.com, 2007) disturb of Project Management on the UAE IT IndustryProject management has already had a significant impact on IT organisations in UAE and much more dramatic effects are expect for the years to come. Greater attention need s to be paid to the interaction of information technology with business methods, work patterns, employees and organisational culture.It was observed that not too much of research work has been carried out on project management in the IT industry of UAE and this is the precise reason why this study was conducted on the UAE market.LITERATURE palingenesisIf we built houses the way we build software, the first woodpecker to come along would destroy civilization. John J. Hamre, U.S. Deputy Defense monument Phillips (2004) states that IT project management could be as as exciting as a white water rafting excursion or as painful as a root canal. In addition, Anthes (2008) points out that IT project management has always earned a high ranking on the annual list of IT managers worries, but in the first-half of the 2008 Vital Signs survey, it took the No. 1 spot. In other joints, the process is all about efficiently handling the complexities that come along with IT projects, right from the word go. The study aims to investigate on how difficult it is for organisations to manage IT projects efficiently.Richardson et al. (2006) claims that project failure is based not only on economic criteria but also on requirements, cost and time parameters. He builds up his reasoning by citing examples of the following project surveys The Robbins-Gioia Survey (2001)The Conference Board Survey (2001)The KPMG Canada Survey (1997)The Chaos Report (1995)According to IT Cortex (2004), the results of these surveys showed that most of the organisations suffered from high project failure rates and that they heavily exceeded the time and budget constraints.Similarly, Schwalbe (2007) reports that IT projects come along with high failure risks. He defends his thoughts with a study which was conducted by the Standish Group (CHAOS) in 1995. In the survey it was found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were cancelled before completion, costing over US$81 billion in the U S alone.However, when the CHAOS study was conducted again in 2001, the results showed improvements in all areas but still only 28% of IT projects succeeded.The 2001 Standish Group report findings as compared to those of the 1995 report were as follows Time overruns significantly decreased from 222% to 163%Cost overruns were down from 189% to 145%Required features and functions were up from 61% to 67%Successful IT projects roseate from to 16% to 28%One of the objectives of this report is to carry out similar work on finding the failure rates of IT projects but on the UAE market, one on which not much research has been carried out till date.In many previous studies, project failures due to time delay, cost overrun, and abandonment of IT projects have been widely reported (Bailey, 1996 Gibbs, 1994 Lucas, 1995 Martin, 1994 Ward, 1994). In other industries, causes of project failures are investigated and reports written, but in the IT industry their causes are either covered up or ignor ed. As a consequence, the IT industry keeps repeating the same mistakes over and over again (Johnston, 1995). This report takes this a step further by observing what percentage of IT organisations in UAE believe in maintaining project reports and lessons learned logs for their subsequent projects.In many previous studies, the most commonly reported causes of IT project failure were traced out. They were as follows (based on a content analysis of the cited literature)Misunderstood requirements (business, technical, and social) (King, 1995 Lane, Palko, Cronan, 1994 Lavence, 1996)Optimistic schedules and budgets (Martin, 1994)Inadequate risk assessment and management (Johnston, 1995)Inconsistent standards and lack of training in project management (Jones, 1994 OConner Reinsborough, 1992 Phan, Vogel, Nunamaker, 1995)Management of resources (people more than hardware and technology) (Johnston, 1995 Martin, 1994 Ward, 1994)Unclear charter for a project (Lavence, 1996)Lack of communicat ion (Demery, 1995 Gioia, 1996 Hartman, 2000 Walsh Kanter, 1988).On the other hand, Karten studies reasons for failure by compiling a list of ten ways that can guarantee project failure Abbreviate the planning processDont ask what if? denigrate customer involvement set apart team members by seeing who is available regardless of skillWork people long and hardDont inform management of problemsAllow changes at any pointDiscourage questions from team membersDont give customers progress reportsDont compare project progress with project estimatesHowever, this survey goes a dapple deeper and also explores the role of project management methodologies and process groups in helping deliver successful projects. The project management frameworks which are rapidly gaining recognition are ITIL, PMBOK and PRINCE2 (Phillips, 2004).Although Leuenberger (2007) considers ITIL to be one of the worlds best ways to align IT with business objectives,he also claims that his research conducted through IDC shows points out that 60% of mid-sized businesses in Australia either are unaware of, or have no plans to implement ITIL and also that on a global scale, only 20% of the mid-market companies are currently using ITIL.In contrast to ITIL, PMI claims that it has grown to deform the most widely recognized and the only global certification for the project management profession with more than 260,000 members in over 171 countries.The survey aims to study the UAE IT industry and clarify such claims made by authors and institutes so that the growth of IT project governance methodologies can in an IT industry of a booming economy can be analyzed.Bainey (2004) states that so many IT projects tend to go over budget, run behind schedule, and deliver products or services distressing in quality due to the negligence of integration, consistency and standardization. The report builds up on this by going ahead and investigating the significance of integration management for project managers.Harr is (2005) asserts that it is high time that the PMO function is placed in its proper organisational alignment. He believes that not only can it combine the corporate planning process with effective delivery of products and services but also provide external clients with traditional client services for the enterprise as a whole or for respective enterprise business unitReview of IT Project Management Practices in the UAEReview of IT Project Management Practices in the UAEA Study on the UAE IT IndustryABSTRACTI keep six honest serving men, (They taught me all I know)Their names are What and Why and When And How and Where and Who.-Rudyard KiplingThis report presents findings of a research project that explored the distinct approaches of UAE-based IT organisations in following different project management practices to deal with their IT projects. Not too much of project management data on UAE IT industry exists today. Therefore it was decided to do a study on it. The research findings a re based on a questionnaire survey conducted between July and August 2008 among 200 organisations of UAE. A total of 48 valid responses were received, representing an overall response rate of 24%.The study achieved a primary aim of explanatory and constructivist research, which is to enhance knowledge and understanding of a phenomenon. An emergent-based, general systems approach was adopted for the whole project. General System theory is a holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems. It recognizes relativity of perception and is a general science of wholeness (Bertalanffy, 1968). The theory was used to break down the whole research technique into various components yet still maintaining the integrity of the research objective.A key finding was the high amount of failure risks that came along with IT projects. In addition, it was found that project management added a lot of value to IT projects and if carried out efficiently it could help avoid the failure risks.A su rprise discovery was that although most of the organisations valued project management a lot, they did not have a dedicated Project Management Office (PMO) in place. Further, it was found out that high involvement of external organisations could be one of the factors responsible for the high amount of risks involved with IT projects. It was observed that 25% of the project managers were not aware of the project management maturity levels of their organisations. Project managers seemed to have tough times managing time, cost and risk in IT projects. Also, most of the organisations did not believe in recording the lessons learned and hence knowledge was not transferred to the new projects from the previous ones.Strong indicators probably exist to warrant further research into investigating the basic reasons behind a high percentage of failed IT projects. Further research into the relationship between project management methodology and project success seems warranted on behalf of the i ndicators provided by the respondents.INTRODUCTIONI have not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that wont work.-Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)If your project doesnt work, look for the part that you didnt think was importantArthur BlochThe significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them. -Albert Einstein (1879-1955)The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.-Bill GatesThe Roman bridges of antiquity were very inefficient structures. By modern standards, they used toomuch stone, and as a result, far too much labor to build. Over the years we have learned to build bridgesmore efficiently, using fewer materials and less labor to perform the same task. -Tom Clancy (The Sum of All Fears)In 1986, Alfred Spector, president of Transarc Corporation, s tated that bridge building could be compared to software development. He added, The premise Bridges are usually built on-time, on-budget, and do not collapse. On the other hand, software never comes in on-budget or on-time. Also, it always breaks down.One of the biggest reasons why bridges come in on-time, on-budget and do not collapse is because their designs are extremely detailed. Once the designing phase is over, it is then frozen and the contractor has very little flexibility in changing the specifications. However, in todays fast moving business environment, having a frozen design in place means no changes in the business practices. Therefore efforts must be made to use a more flexible model. This could be and has been used as an explanation for development failure.But beside 3,000 years of experience, there is another difference between software failures and bridge collapses. When a bridge collapses, investigation is carried out and a report is written on the cause of the fai lure. It is not so in the IT industry where failures are covered up, ignored, and/or rationalized. As a result, the same mistakes are repeated over and over again.According to the Standish Group report, more than $250 billion is spent every year on IT application development of approximately 175,000 projects in the United States. The average cost of a development project for a small company is $434,000 for a medium company, it is $1,331,000 and for a large company, it is $2,322,000. A great number of these projects will fail. IT projects have always known to be in chaos.The research showed that a staggering 31.1% of projects got canceled before they ever got completed. Further results indicated that 52.7% of projects had cost 189% of their original estimates. The cost of these failures and overruns were just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. The lost opportunity costs were not measurable, but could easily be in trillions of dollars. The extent of this problem can be realized by loo king at example of the City of Denver. The failure to produce reliable software to handle luggage at the new Denver airport was costing the city $1.1 million per day.Based on this research, in 1995 American companies and government agencies spent $81 billion for canceled software projects. These same organisations paid an additional $59 billion for software projects that were completed, but had exceed their original time estimates. Risk is always a factor when pushing the technology envelope, but many of these projects were as ordinary as a driving license database, a new accounting package, or an order entry system.On the success side, the average was only 16.2% for software projects that were completed on-time and on-budget. In the larger companies, the news was even worse only 9% of their projects came in on-time and on-budget. And, even when these projects were completed, many were no more than a mere shadow of their original specification requirements. Projects completed by the largest American companies had only approximately 42% of the originally-proposed features and functions which goes to show that these projects lacked scope management. Smaller companies fared much better in this aspect. 78.4% of their software projects got deployed with at least 74.2% of their original features and functions.48% of the IT executives in the research sample felt that there were more failures during that period than those five years ago. But it was also observed that over 50% felt that there were fewer or the same number of failures at that point of time than there were five and ten years ago.So the Standish Group reported an improvement in IT project success rates and claimed that it was due to an increased ability to know when to cancel failing projects. Standish Group Chairman Jim Johnson commented The real improvement that I saw was in our ability to-in the worlds of Thomas Edison-know when to stop beating a dead horseEdisons key to success was that he failed fair ly often but as he said, he could recognize a dead horse before it started to smellIn information technology we ride dead horses-failing projects-a long time before we give up. But what we are seeing now is that we are able to get off them able to reduce cost overrun and time overrun. Thats where the major impact came on the success rate. (Cabanis, 1998)There is a new or renewed interest in project management today as the number of projects continues to grow and their complexity continues to rise. As already observed, the success rate of IT projects has more than doubled since 1995, but still only about a third are successful in meeting scope, cost, and time goals. More and more projects and organisations can succeed consistently by adopting a more disciplined approach to managing projects.Research ObjectivesThis study provides first-hand information on success and failure rates of IT projects in the UAE and on distinct approaches and methodologies followed by all different kinds of IT organisations in governing IT projects. It also aims to survey attitudes of organisations towards distinct project management processes like cost management, time management, risk management, etc. and establish a future direction for organisations so that they realize the value of the most significant process groups of project management and do not neglect them in the forthcoming projects.It could be useful in the following four areas (1) it can be helpful for relevant government departments in preparing strategies for project management in the IT industry (2) it can promote the awareness of commercial benefits of project management among managers in IT companies of UAE and encourage them to seriously consider project management in their businesses (3) it can increase the competence and confidence in applying project management by local companies by providing management guidance on the selection and development of project management methodologies and (4) it can be beneficial to the educational institutions of UAE for teaching and conducting further research on information technology project management.According to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS), the IT industry consists of three primary sub-sectors firstly, Technology Software Services, including companies that primarily develop software in various fields such as the Internet, applications, systems, databases management and/or home entertainment, and companies that provide information technology consulting and services, as well as data processing and outsourced services secondly Technology Hardware Equipment, including manufacturers and distributors of communications equipment, computers and peripherals, electronic equipment and related instruments and thirdly, Semiconductors Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturers. This particular report is confined to the use of project management among the areas of Technology Software Services and Technology Hardware Equipment only. The research was not conducted on the Semiconductors Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturers in UAE.Contents of this ReportChapter Two introduces project management and its significance for any business sector. It then demonstrates the rapid growth in adoption of project management in IT projects. This is followed by a synopsis of the UAE market and the UAE IT industry. The chapter ends signifying the impact of project management on the UAE IT industry. Chapter Three expands on the significance of project management as viewed through academic literature. This outlines how project management is known to add value to IT projects and some characteristics observed by organisations that have gone through the process of formalizing project management (Center for Business Practices). Using past works of the last 20 years, it also highlights the most predominant factors responsible for high failures rates of IT projects. This is followed by views of authors on various project management process groups a nd methodologies.Having discussed not only the pros of project management but also the problems faced during the entire process, Chapter Four is concerned with the research methodology and detailed analysis of the survey conducted. Chapter Five brings out the key survey findings in detail and compares these with the literature surveyed in Chapter Two indicating the extent to which the survey findings break new ground.Chapter Six builds up on the key findings outlined here, their practical implications, and a look towards how this research could be developed. This includes a brief description of limitations of this study and of recommendations on how these limitations could be overcome in subsequent studies.BACKGROUNDProject management is the most critical business skill and competency of today that forms the basic building block of a knowledge based company for businesses and professions in oil and gas, petroleum, petrochemicals, chemicals, metal and mining, infrastructures, buildin gs, IT, Healthcare, Finance, Telecoms, Manufacturing, and many more services and banking industries. Project management was declared to be the best career on earth by the Fortune magazine. Recently, PMI reported that nowadays more and more organisations and government agencies are adopting and making project management a strategic competency.Information systems (IS) and information technologies (IT) are the fastest growing industries in developed and most of the developing countries. Huge amounts of money are still being invested in these industries (Abdel-Hamid Madnick, 1990). Every organisation wants to gain a competitive advantage, maintain it and lead from the front. Hence, there is a corresponding pressure to increase productivity. To maintain a competitive edge in todays fast-changing world, the success of an organisation depends on effectively developing and adopting information systems.According to Zells (1994) and other studies, approximately 85% of IT projects under-taken in the western countries are at the lowest level of capability maturity model (CMM). The challenges at this level are to have project planning, project management, configuration management, and quality assurance in place and have them working effectively. To improve project delivery performance, a number of organisations are adopting project management approaches and setting up project management offices (Barnes, 1991 Butterfield Edwards, 1994 King, 1995 Munns Bjeirmi, 1996 Raz, 1993 Redmond, 1991).Current literature on IT projects shows that most of the IT problems are not technical, they are of management, organisational or behavioral nature. (Johnston, 1995 Martin, 1994 Whitten, 1995).Fishers (1991) survey of technology firms showed that if project management improved, time and cost could be reduced by more than 25% and profits would increase by more than 5%. This has since been validated by using different project management methodologies and analyzing the extent to which the se practices can be adopted, based on internal benchmarking by the companies involved in the field trials.The UAE Market the UAE IT IndustryUAE has realised the significance of project management in the IT due to its rapid growth in the IT industry. As expected by Business Monitor International (BMI), the total size of the UAE IT market is to increase from around US$3.4bn in 2007 to close to US$4bn in 2012. With IT a key element of the Emirates development, a number of major local and federal government initiatives together with a strong and diversifying economy should ensure continued growth over the forecast period. Meanwhile, the oil-led boom across the Middle East will continue to be a boost to IT and infrastructure spending in the UAE. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)As per the BMI report, the federal government is also encouraging the development of smart cities, another regional trend. In 2007 the government announced that its target of getting 90% of businesses online by the end of the year was likely to be met. Services are becoming an increasingly significant component of many deployment contracts, as evidenced by recent projects by leading UAE corporations such as Emirates Airlines and the local telecom provider Etisalat.Investment is expected to be strongest in the government, financial, and oil and gas verticals. Other key non-oil sectors driving the economy include banking and finance, which are likely to be the single largest industry vertical in terms of IT investments over the forecast period. Real estate has also experienced a massive investment boom in the past five years, and this is expected to continue and grow, with the National Bank of Dubai projecting at least US$50bn in outlays in property development in the emirate by 2010. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)Industry DevelopmentsThe BMI report states that the UAE federal governments recently announced UAE Strategic Plan calls for a strengthening of e-government programmes. The focus of the programme i s to support implementation of programmes at federal government level. The federal government ministries have often lagged behind progress by the leading local governments, particularly Dubai. As such, Dubai government, which has had many of its departments and services online for some time, will lend expertise to the project.However, local government continues to dominate and accounts for around 20% of total IT Services spending. Dubai Municipality announced that it expects to spend anything between US$1.6mn and US$2.2mn per year over the next few years implementing its plan of getting 90% of government services online. It is likely the organisation will spend at least US$2.8mn annually on e-government initiatives. Abu Dhabi is accelerating its efforts to emulate Dubai, led by the Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Committee (ADSEIC), a body created in 2005 to develop and drive initiatives to transform government services in the Emirate. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)From the above tren d, it can be observed that the number of IT jobs in UAE has gone up by 5000 percent since 2005. This goes to show how rapidly the UAE IT Industry has grown in the past three years and that it is still going strong.Competitive LandscapeAccording to BMI, with government accounting for as much as 40% of IT spending, and e-government programmes alone around half that, vendors are continuing to find opportunities. Recently the Ministry of Development for the Government sector signed a strategic agreement with Microsoft Gulf whereby Microsoft will support federal e-government programmes with training and technical support. Under the agreement Ministries will also use legal Microsoft software. Meanwhile, the leading body for Abu Dhabis e-government programme, the Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Committee (ADSIC) signed an Enterprise Licence Agreement with Oracle. The agreement establishes Oracle as a key technology partner and provides for the Abu Dhabi Government to buy Oracle software solutions and support and maintenance services.The continuing growth in PC sales in 2007 in the UAE did not significantly alter the competitive landscape of a market which accounts for approximately 40% of the overall regional PC sales. Today the market remains dominated by international players such as Acer, Dell and HP with the top five brands accounting for more than 50% of the market. Meanwhile, the share held by local assemblers continues to dwindle, due in part to their relative weakness in the growth area of notebooks. However, local assemblers hope that their future will be brighter since UAE-based firms such as Sky Electronics have already been fighting back. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)HardwareThe UAE hardware market is estimated at about US$1.4bn in 2007, which shows a 12% growth from US$1.2bn in 2006, and is one of the largest in the region. Much of the growth is due to small and medium enterprise spending, particular on mobile computers, which are expected to account for arou nd 60% of sales over the forecast period. Notebooks are also proving to be popular with the consumer segment, particularly with the introduction of features such as integrated wi-fi, webcam and entertainment features such as HD DVD. Sales of PC notebooks and accessories have been expected to reach more than US$1bn by the end of 2008, while the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the 2007 to 2012 period as a whole is expected to be in the region of 8%. Current and future investments in education and e-government, fuelled by new oil revenues, will lead to desktop rollouts in schools, colleges and government offices across the Emirates. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)SoftwareBMI estimates that the UAEs software spending will pass US$400mn in 2008, representing around 17% of the IT expenditure. CAGR for spending on packaged software is put at 10% over the 2007 to 2012 period, with the UAE being of the regions fastest-growing ERP markets, as more businesses realise the benefits of efficien t management of resources within their internal processes.The UAE also has one of the regions lowest software piracy rates at just 35% according to the Business Software Association (BSA), which has praised the UAE government and Ministry of Economy for its efforts in promoting anti-piracy initiatives. The government has combated illegal software in a number of ways, both through anti-piracy legislation and enforcement measures. Customer relationship management (CRM) will be one of the growth areas with fewer than 2% of small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Middle East region having a specialised CRM application in place. BMI predicts plenty of room for growth in the forecast period as numerous untapped sub-sectors still exist. Key verticals include process manufacturing (mainly oil and gas), followed by the financial services industry. Two other key segments are the telecom and the public sectors. During the next five years high-growth categories are set to include CRM, enterprise resource planning (ERP) business intelligence, storage and security products. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)IT ServicesBMI expects that the IT Services market will reach a value of more than US$1,003mn by 2012, with outsourcing accounting for an increasingly large portion of up to 25%. IT services revenues compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the 2006 to 2012 period is expected to be 10%, encouraging vendors to shift their focus away from simply shifting boxes. Services are becoming an increasingly significant component of many deployment contracts, as evidenced by recent projects by leading UAE corporations such as Emirates Airlines and Etisalat. Outsourcing is also predicted to be a growing trend, with recent landmark outsourcing deals awarded by entities such as the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA)and civil service departments. Global vendors such as IBM Global Services are competing for its business with local companies such as Injazat Data Systems, which with its good government connections has grown to be a major force in the market, reporting BPO deals with 13 leading private and public organisations. (Marketresearch.com, 2007)E-ReadinessThe recent Global Information Technology report sponsored by Cisco noted the UAEs success in creating a good ICT environment by placing it top of the rankings for 122 countries. The survey, which looks at the preference of countries to leverage the opportunities offered by ICT for development and increased competitiveness, praised the UAEs good regulatory environment, and clear government leadership in leveraging IT and promoting its use. According to the report, ICT has empowered individuals and revolutionised the business and economic landscape while fostering social networks and companies.Overall internet penetration in the UAE was estimated at close to 40% by the end of 2006, far above the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) average, reflecting the UAEs status as one of the most advanced IT co untries in the middle-east. Broadband penetration is around 10% and is expected to rise 60% over the forecast period. In terms of e-government development, additional new phases to be introduced in the project last year (as mentioned in the Industry Developments section) include e-portal, e-project, the HR Management System (HRMS) and the Financial Management Integration System (FMIS) projects. The e-government High Committee has expressed satisfaction with the progress made on implementation of the e-government initiative to date. (Mindbranch.com, 2007)Impact of Project Management on the UAE IT IndustryProject management has already had a significant impact on IT organisations in UAE and much more dramatic effects are anticipated for the years to come. Greater attention needs to be paid to the interaction of information technology with business methods, work patterns, employees and organisational culture.It was observed that not too much of research work has been carried out on pro ject management in the IT industry of UAE and this is the precise reason why this study was conducted on the UAE market.LITERATURE REVIEWIf we built houses the way we build software, the first woodpecker to come along would destroy civilization. John J. Hamre, U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary Phillips (2004) states that IT project management could be as as exciting as a white water rafting excursion or as painful as a root canal. In addition, Anthes (2008) points out that IT project management has always earned a high ranking on the annual list of IT managers worries, but in the first-half of the 2008 Vital Signs survey, it took the No. 1 spot. In other words, the process is all about efficiently handling the complexities that come along with IT projects, right from the word go. The study aims to investigate on how difficult it is for organisations to manage IT projects efficiently.Richardson et al. (2006) claims that project failure is based not only on economic criteria but also on r equirements, cost and time parameters. He builds up his reasoning by citing examples of the following project surveys The Robbins-Gioia Survey (2001)The Conference Board Survey (2001)The KPMG Canada Survey (1997)The Chaos Report (1995)According to IT Cortex (2004), the results of these surveys showed that most of the organisations suffered from high project failure rates and that they heavily exceeded the time and budget constraints.Similarly, Schwalbe (2007) reports that IT projects come along with high failure risks. He defends his thoughts with a study which was conducted by the Standish Group (CHAOS) in 1995. In the survey it was found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were cancelled before completion, costing over US$81 billion in the US alone.However, when the CHAOS study was conducted again in 2001, the results showed improvements in all areas but still only 28% of IT projects succeeded.The 2001 Standish Group report findings as compared to those of the 1995 report were as follows Time overruns significantly decreased from 222% to 163%Cost overruns were down from 189% to 145%Required features and functions were up from 61% to 67%Successful IT projects rose from to 16% to 28%One of the objectives of this report is to carry out similar work on finding the failure rates of IT projects but on the UAE market, one on which not much research has been carried out till date.In many previous studies, project failures due to time delay, cost overrun, and abandonment of IT projects have been widely reported (Bailey, 1996 Gibbs, 1994 Lucas, 1995 Martin, 1994 Ward, 1994). In other industries, causes of project failures are investigated and reports written, but in the IT industry their causes are either covered up or ignored. As a consequence, the IT industry keeps repeating the same mistakes over and over again (Johnston, 1995). This report takes this a step further by observing what percentage of IT organisations in UAE believe in maintaini ng project reports and lessons learned logs for their subsequent projects.In many previous studies, the most commonly reported causes of IT project failure were traced out. They were as follows (based on a content analysis of the cited literature)Misunderstood requirements (business, technical, and social) (King, 1995 Lane, Palko, Cronan, 1994 Lavence, 1996)Optimistic schedules and budgets (Martin, 1994)Inadequate risk assessment and management (Johnston, 1995)Inconsistent standards and lack of training in project management (Jones, 1994 OConner Reinsborough, 1992 Phan, Vogel, Nunamaker, 1995)Management of resources (people more than hardware and technology) (Johnston, 1995 Martin, 1994 Ward, 1994)Unclear charter for a project (Lavence, 1996)Lack of communication (Demery, 1995 Gioia, 1996 Hartman, 2000 Walsh Kanter, 1988).On the other hand, Karten studies reasons for failure by compiling a list of ten ways that can guarantee project failure Abbreviate the planning processDont as k what if?Minimize customer involvementSelect team members by seeing who is available regardless of skillWork people long and hardDont inform management of problemsAllow changes at any pointDiscourage questions from team membersDont give customers progress reportsDont compare project progress with project estimatesHowever, this survey goes a bit deeper and also explores the role of project management methodologies and process groups in helping deliver successful projects. The project management frameworks which are rapidly gaining recognition are ITIL, PMBOK and PRINCE2 (Phillips, 2004).Although Leuenberger (2007) considers ITIL to be one of the worlds best ways to align IT with business objectives,he also claims that his research conducted through IDC shows points out that 60% of mid-sized businesses in Australia either are unaware of, or have no plans to implement ITIL and also that on a global scale, only 20% of the mid-market companies are currently using ITIL.In contrast to ITI L, PMI claims that it has grown to become the most widely recognized and the only global certification for the project management profession with more than 260,000 members in over 171 countries.The survey aims to study the UAE IT industry and clarify such claims made by authors and institutes so that the growth of IT project governance methodologies can in an IT industry of a booming economy can be analyzed.Bainey (2004) states that so many IT projects tend to go over budget, run behind schedule, and deliver products or services poor in quality due to the negligence of integration, consistency and standardization. The report builds up on this by going ahead and investigating the significance of integration management for project managers.Harris (2005) asserts that it is high time that the PMO function is placed in its proper organisational alignment. He believes that not only can it combine the corporate planning process with effective delivery of products and services but also pr ovide external clients with traditional client services for the enterprise as a whole or for respective enterprise business unit

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a timeless American classic which set the tone for all otherwise American literature to follow. The story opens up a window into the life of the American People before the Civil War. The lessons that this book presents can give the subscriber a deeper understanding of what existence was like along the Mississippi River over two hundred years ago. This is a novel which is full of thrilling find personally, I enjoy adventure, which is the reason why I chose this book. Throughout the story there is constant exciting activity, there simply is never a cloy moment in this book. Friendship, honesty, deceitfulness, and racism argon all main issues all through this book. The characters face problems with ethics and morals along with the stereotypes of their society. The complex connections between race, culture, politics, and theology are made vivid in this story.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn starts out with a brief description of the previous book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Both boys stole twelve thousand dollars in the previous book each boy got six thousand a piece. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are both young boys growing up before the Civil War along the Mississippi. Both boys are mischievous but Tom is the one with all the plans, he reads a lot which gives him these ideas, which are fairly eccentric. Huck Finn does not live with either his mother or his father, in fact he seems to fear his father which he refers to as nipple, he lives with a widow who takes care of him and makes him act very proper. It is thought that Hucks pap is dead but Huck believes that he is breathing and will come stomach him eventually. The first adventure that Huck has is with Tom Sawyer and a group of other young boys who band together to discrepancy a robber mob, all under the influence of Tom Sawyer. Their mission is to rob people and then kill them, however none of this ever happens and the gang soon breaks up. Shortly after the gang splits, Hucks evil father comes back and takes him away from the widow. Pap takes Huck into the woods and makes desperate attempts to get the six thousand dollars which Huck owns. Luckily however, Huck gave it the bank manager, Mr. Thatcher for safe keeping. The beatings that Hucks father gives him become unbearable, so Huck finally decides to miss away.

Abortion Policy Essay -- Rights Birth Pregnancy Papers

Abortion PolicyAbortion is one of about half-dozen major surfaces that the public considers when voting (Witwer). It is a complex issue that has been passionately contendd for centuries. The various methods used to carry out the procedure range from disassembling the fetus and devastating the skull in order to suck it all out of the womans womb to the procedure called RU-486, that gives the woman a pill to prevent her body from great(p) the fetus the nutrients to stay alive. Also, some consider certain forms of birth control, Norplant, IUD, and emergency contraceptives to be abortions as well. Many slew argue about when in the maternity abortions should be allowed, if there should be an age limit, if abortion should be allowed only in certain circumstances, if states should decide the legality of it, and if only certain procedures should be allowed. However, the identify issue is should abortion be totally legalized, totally banned, or remain the way it is?Numerous people have a stake in this issue. The issue of abortion affects every woman worldwide as well as men who find themselves involved in a situation related to abortion, and/or men who choose to concern themselves with such an ever-growing issue (Wlezien). Also, this issue affects the fetuses aborted, or permitted to live. There are generally two opposing sides to the issue where most people find themselves the pro-life side and the pro-choice side. While it is true that men may find themselves involved in a situation related to abortion, the debate over it still remains predominantly female (Wlezien). Surveys, facts, and figures have indicated that the two sides are made up of vastly dissimilar people and their lifestyles (Wlezien). Pro-choice unremarkably consists of young... ...89), pp. 229-230primary scholarly, print via earnings in original, authoritativeWlezien, Christopher B. Goggin, Malcolm. The Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion about Abortion. Political Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4. (Dec., 1993), pp. 381-405. primary scholarly, print via internet in original, authoritativeUnjust Punishment, Forced Contraception, and Poor Treatment of Women by the Courts and Prisons. NARAL Pro Choice America Foundation. 27 April 1999. 22 March 2004. http//www.naral.org/facts/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/ credential/getfile.cfm&PageID=1784. unrestricted, internet publication, apparently credibleU. S. National Library of Medicine. Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 2002. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm - 29k - Mar 8, 2004. primary scholarly, print via internet in original, authoritative