Prevention

Prevention can be taken to mean, a process of offering advice, guiding and educating a certain group of people in the name of promoting their well being in the society. It is a critical decision one makes to meet the choice aimed at meeting ones challenges of life by creating a condition favorable to promote good lifestyles and healthy behaviors. Prevention of diseases involves three levels, according to the stages of the target disease (Sieving 1997). They are primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Primary level is the process by which various methods are used in to avoid a person initiating a p disease (Piccinino   1998). They are used prior to that person getting the disease. Methods used in this level would be like, campaigns from public service, school and community programs and of course constant communication with the intended group. This helps in avoidance of the disease. According to (Sieving 1997) the second level of prevention is the secondary level that is used in the early stages of disease detection. In this case the disease has already occurred in the person but the patient is not aware the main objective of this level is to detect and treat the disease early enough. Tertiary level of prevention aims at reducing the negative consequences of the disease already in the person. It helps to slow down the rate of spreading the infections or complications in that it prevents pain from the disease. Public health programs are the set activities by the government or other organizations with intentions of meeting certain objectives in health prevention. Health programs aims at reducing incidences of diseases, improving the social conditions of a person .One of the most common activity in the health programs is vaccination. Public health programs go hand in hand with levels of prevention. One of the major problems today is how to cope with the high rate of adolescent pregnancy. This issue can be addressed by using various programs to create awareness. It can also fit in all the levels of prevention though sutes best in the primary level of prevention. Despite the fact that the teen rate of pregnancy has declined by a big margin in U.S. Since early 1990s, it is said and justified that over 1 million Americans adolescent girls get pregnant. Many of these pregnancies are usually accidental or unplanned though others are usually intended It is said that about fifty percent of teenage girls who were once pregnant become pregnant again within two years. It is also said that the second baby of the teenage girl is usually at a risk of being underweight and at the same time there is the high chance of drop out in school. (Piccinino 1998) There are a number of public health programs that are being developed at least from each level of prevention targeted to children and adolescent boys and mainly girls. According to (Aboma 1998) &( Joseph 1999) This may include abstinence programs, school-based sexuality programs, Involvement by the community, family planning clinics, school-based programs and public healthcare programs. (Aboma 1997) Many of these programs call for either abstinence or use of contraceptives. Abstain ace could be the best method however, adolescents don’t take it as a reality .Some institutions have criticized the issue of using contraceptives arguing that it promotes sexual engagement.( Piccinino 1998) observes   that,   a survey has shown that contraceptives like condoms do not motivate teens to engage in sex and thus they should be introduced in schools. The initiative by the community can help reduces the high rate of illiteracy .Parents have a greater influence on their adolescents on either becoming pregnant or impregnating. Parents communicating with their children freely about issues they come across like sex, relationships and love ( Aboma 1998). As parents one should talk to them what you feel about this issues, be honest to them have courage to tell them the truth that having an early pregnancy is risky to both the child and the teenage herself. In case she is already pregnant, let her know her responsibilities like visiting a prenatal care center, avoid drugs especially smoking and to eat nutritional food (Sonenstein 1998). Parents ought to be opening minded and begin a talk concerning these issues; if you are not capable, use other methods like letting them watch a video or a movie. There is the need to super vice your children as they grow up to adolescence and give them lots of guidance counseling (Sonenstein 1998). This should be for both the boy and the girl .The secondary and tertiary level of prevention could constitute the issues of caring for the born child and more so the teen. There is the need to have programs that will address this issue. The tertiary level of prevention can really help at this stage (Aboma 1997). There is the importance developing programs that would look at issues of child-rearing responsibilities, relationships with their friends and the rest of the community. Educational activity programs, counseling and life skills training need to be developed (Sieving 1997). These educational programs would include offering remedial classes for the teen parents, family planning, parenting skills, food and nutritional advices for both the child and the mother In conclusion, prevention is a process involved in offering guidance and educating a certain group of people with an aim of promoting their wellbeing. It has three levels consisting of the primary level-prevents occurring of diseases, secondary level-aimed at detecting early diseases and tertiary-help the patient cope with the already established problem. In the case of the teenage pregnant group, all the three levels of prevention can help them to cope with the situation, and even prevent further occurrences if proper programs are put in place. References Aboma CD (1999). State-Specific Pregnancy Rates Among Adolescents—United States, 1992-1998, Oxford University press. pp 45-67, 77 Aboma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ (1997.). Fertility, Family Planning, and Women’s Health, New York. Abma J, Driscoll A, Moore K. (1998). Young Women’s Degree of Control over First Intercourse: An Exploratory Analysis. Family Planning Perspectives 30(1):12-18. 1998. Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD (1998.). Trends in Contraceptive Use in the United States: 1982-1998. Family Planning Perspectives, Oxford University press: 4-10, 46 Sieving R, Shew M, Ireland M, Bearinger L, Udry JR (.1997.)   Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. London pp57-97 Sonenstein FL, Ku L, Lindberg LD, Turner DF, Pleck JH (1998.). Changes in Sexual Behavior and Condom Use among Teenaged feMales: 1988 to 1996.   London.pp 956-959, Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Curtin SC. (1998) Teenage Births in the United States: New York pp 66-79.      

The fourth amendment and the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

The situation that involved Don and Police Officer Jones in State X is a good case study in understanding the concepts involved in the Fourth Amendment, particularly the doctrine of suppression of evidence. In the analysis of the case, one will see that the only crime that Don has committed is driving with an expired license. And for this case, State X has every right to punish him accordingly – with a fine of $100 and 10 days in the county jail. However, it is also important that the fact that the constitution of State X has a clause identical to Amendment IV of the U.S. Constitution, the other evidence obtained by Police Officer Jones in his encounter with Don cannot be used as evidence against Don in any court by reason of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine. This particular doctrine opines that any evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in any court since this is in direct violation of the suspect’s Fourth Amendment. Although Don did commit a violation of law in State X by driving with an expired license, this particular violation does not necessarily warrant a bodily search or even a search of the vehicle —even with the consent of the suspect. In the case of Florida vs. Bostick, we have learned that in the context of investigatory stops and detentions, Police may stop you for any reason, but are not entitled to any information other than your identification nor may they detain you without reasonable suspicion. (Flex Your Rights, 2006) In this particular case, the Police Officer did not have any justifiable or probable cause to frisk Don because the latter was not an immediate or significant threat to the officer nor was there any sign that Don carried any illegal weapon. Perhaps the only reasoning that can be applied by the Police Officer that might justify his stop and frisk action in this case is the tip or report given to him that a lone male driving in a car with an out-of-state license would be coming through town, traveling in an easterly direction, and carrying an illegal shipment of heroin. Just the same, the Police Officer went over and beyond his call and duty by frisking Don and subjecting him to a warrant less search on account of a traffic violation. Furthermore, if there was any evidence that can be used against Don in this particular case is anything that is visible to eye of the Police Officer. The marijuana that was seized inside the car cannot be used by the State in convicting Don simply because it was obtained thru an illegal search. While it is given that Don consented to the search, the court should rule that the burden is on the prosecution to prove the voluntariness of the consent and awareness of the right of choice. (Find Law, 2006) In this particular case, I am of the opinion that State X must rule in favor of Don and suppress all evidence obtained in the encounter between Don and Police Officer Jones since the search was done illegally and all evidence acquired as a result thereof should be considered inadmissible. Hence, the charges of illegal possession of marijuana and other dangerous drugs should be dropped. At best, Don should be convicted of driving with expired license –a direct violation of State X’s law– and should be netted the appropriate penalty. References: Find Law, 2006: US Constitution, Fourth Amendment [online] Available at: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment04/ [cited on: June 11, 2006] Flex Your Rights, 2006: Fourth Amendment Supreme Court Cases [online] [cited on: June 11, 2006] Â  

A teaching assistant work Essay

A teaching assistant works alongside a class teacher in a primary or secondary school. All over Europe, they have different names, such as : ‘aides’, ‘classroom assistants’, ‘learning support assistant’, but the moment the most common one is the one used at the beginning of the sentence.(Study Topic 1) In present, their role is extremely important, and it is hard to imagine things as easily as they run now without their help, especially because there is a big deficit in the number of teachers in primary schools. Skilled teaching assistant bring a very valuable contribution to pupils achievement within the learning environment. Unfortunately I started working in a school later than I should have, but I feel as every experience I’ve been through led me to this. I volunteer as teaching assistant 3 days a week, and in the rest of the time I look after two children, aged 9 and 5 years old, that attend the school I work in. My job description involves certain things, such as assisting the teacher by supporting the pupils during the teaching of the curriculum and always working under the direction of the class teacher. Because I am all the time surrounded by children, I can assist the children and understand their learning needs.(K.U 1.1) My prior job inside the classroom is to listen to the children, respect and value them. Even though I haven’t been working for too long with them, the pupils in my classroom already gained respect and confidence in me, and I can see how slowly, with my help and of course, the teacher’s , they are gaining the sense of independence, which is extremely important for a child developing. I’m helping by ensuring they have access to the curriculum at all the times, and by using plenty of praise and rewards. I make sure that all the children participate fully in every lesson, by reminding them of teaching points made by teacher and help them organise and participate in appropriate play activities or games. Most of the times I’m working with pupils in Year 3, but sometimes I’m in Foundation Stage. In the Year 3 (7-8 years), I encourage the pupils to work independently when the case and to try to manage their own reading. I’m also always encouraging them to use the library independently, as I am with the pupils in Foundation Stage, which need to be encouraged to develop their independent learning skills. They have to learn to take turns and speak and follow simple written instructions. I need to make sure that the pupils are able to make choices about books and to persuade them to learn independently. In both cases I am always trying to teach the pupils to use information from various sources and to complete all tasks set in a given time. I have to be aware at all the times of the school’s policies, for example in the case of children protection, the school has a member of the staff who is responsible for child protection matters, a Child Protection Policy and certain procedures to deal with any child protection issues arising(K.U 1.2). Another important matter that I must always keep in mind are the policies regarding bullying, as unfortunately, is a very common problem in schools all over the world. In order to provide support for the school, I must attend all the staff meetings and training sessions and to make sure that I’m in constant process of acquiring the full range of skills and knowledge needed to satisfy job requirements, especially as I come from a foreign country. It is also very important that I, as a teaching assistant, I understand my roles and responsibilities in relation to school’s policies and insist that the pupils conform to the standards detailed in the school’s policy in behaviour, and if necessary, take measures to isolate (conform the policy of behaviour) a disruptive child from the rest of the class. As stated in the title, my most important role is to provide support for the teacher, and a very important way of doing that is by participating in meetings with parents and carers, where I have to listen, support and  discuss issues sensitively with them, whilst providing them an accurate feedback (K.U 1.7) Participating at these meeting is a real delight, as I can analyse the other teachers and teaching assistants and I can improve, as a teaching assistant. One of my jobs is to listen what the children have to say. ‘Pupils can provide valuable feedback so we do need to invite them to tell us what they think.’ (E111 Reader 1, Chapter 4, My history of helpers). So far, the feedback I have received from the pupils has been very helpful, even though in certain moments I’ve been disappointed by what I heard. Thanks to this and also to the feedback received from the colleagues, I was able to realise where I have to improve. (K.S 4.3) I have to help the teacher plan the weekly programme and sometimes , I have to supervise the class and maintain good order and keep the pupils on the task. I have to promote the home school partnership and to ensure an appropriate learning environment. At the moment I am dealing directly with 2 teachers, offering them full support any time when required. Luckily, they are aware of the fact that between us it’s a co-dependent relationship, where I need them and they need me. (P.S 3.3) all the time I am in direct contact with the other professionals from the school and mostly with the other teaching assistants. Every afternoon I have to set out , prepare and tidy the equipment. During classes, I must monitor and evaluate pupil’s responses to learning activities and I must provide accurate feedback and reports to the teacher. In order to provide support for the curriculum, the school got me involved in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT ) area, even though the teachers I work with are computer literate, but this is a subject that I am very interested in. Every day I must make sure that the equipment is working properly and I must ensure that the teacher has some non-computer work handy in case something goes wrong with the power or with the computers. The past experience is essential when working with children, with special needs or not. Not only that most of the schools are looking for experienced teachers and teaching assistants, but it is very difficult to keep up when not experienced. Fortunately for me, I have a wide experience related to working with children, even though it’s not in United Kingdom. I started working part time in a kindergarten when I was 14 years old, and even though my attributions weren’t so many in the beginning, it really helped me understand the way children develop and sometimes I was able to see the world from their point of view. By the time I was 18 I was working full time, one on one with the classroom teacher. Kindergarten is a very important experience as it can be considered the child’s first experience in school, and I tried to help them get the most of it. In the same time I’ve been working as a babysitter in my spare time, and my most important experience was volunteering in a centre for children with special needs. First of all I learned that it is important to listen to what children have to say, even without asking, and to respect their opinion. I think it’s amazing how children learn from constructive play. One of the most important things I did with the children in the past was helping them learn how to resolve their problems and improve their social skills, and this is one of the things I’m still doing, I’m always trying to help the pupils gain confidence and developing. Working as a waitress helped me gain my own confidence while working with the other people. Just like in my previous jobs, I am working in a team, along two other teachers directly, but also with the secretary. According to Belbin, there are nine different roles which team members play are based on their personalities, ways of thinking: completer/finisher, coordinator, implementer, monitor/evaluator, plant, resource investigator, shaper. specialist, team worker. (Nigel Belbin, Belbin Reports). In my case, I am definitely a team worker, with strict responsibilities. Although I would like to say that I am 100% effective in school, the truth is that I have my own strengths and weaknesses that impact my  effectiveness. Unfortunately, I have a big disadvantage, as the school system in United Kingdom is new to me, but I’m willing to develop and learn as much as I can. The first thing I am doing is to have a good attitude and take initiative whenever I can. I have to improve my skills, and one of the most important one is the communication skill. I’ll be more effective in my role if I’ll learn first of all to be a good listener and if I’ll be careful with my writing skills as well (emails, messages). Even though at the moment it is not absolutely necessary, I have to work on my leadership skills. â€Å"Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dwight D. Eisenhower Developing my skills in order to improve my effectiveness is a challenge for me, just like working in British school is. I come from a country where the style of teaching is very strict and rigid, and classes are very formal. At first, I found it difficult to adapt, but at the moment I think being able to compare the two styles of teaching is going to help me improve in front of the pupils. Unfortunately, most of the time the training needs of the non-teaching staff are neglected. â€Å"They are seldom invited to participate in staff meetings or training events, but they can be asked to do cleaning or redecorating during the time set aside for other people’s development.† .(Action Research for Inclusive Education: Changing places, changing practice, changing minds, Forging and Strengthening Alliances, pg 49. ) It’s not the case for me, though, as I have been very well received by all the staff members and the school itself is extremely supportive, trying to help me develop as much as I can. References †¢ The Open University (2005) E111 Supporting Learning in Primary Schools, Study Topic 1; †¢ School Policy of Behaviour; †¢ The Open University (2005) E111 Reader 1, Chapter 4, My history of helpers; †¢ Nigel Belbin, Belbin Reports; †¢ Action Research for Inclusive Education: Changing places, changing practice, changing minds, Forging and Strengthening Alliances, pg 49

Article analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Article Example Ancient Roman Houses welcome their visitor through a series of unique features beginning at the level of their entrance – the domus. An indicative series of these features is presented by Hadrill: green-and red-clad porter, the golden birdcage and the watch-dog painted by the porters cell (Hadrill, 44). The reason that Hadrill refer to these features is not for emphasizing on their beautifulness or their role as decorative objects; it is rather to show their potential use for the reflection of the personal perceptions and thoughts of the houses owner. Certain aspects of the style of life of the latter would be also revealed through the objects surrounding the houses entrance – or by the format and colour of the entrance itself. In the above context, the entrance of the Ancient Roman Houses becomes for their visitor the entrance to the psychology and the style of life of people of the particular era – different assumptions could be formulated by entering various A ncient Roman Houses as this differentiation can be explained by referring to the differences in the character and the style of life of each owner. In other words, the fact that Ancient Roman Houses all refer to the same era they may have different characteristics and formats – taking into consideration the criteria mentioned above. The upper target of Hadrill by referring extensively to the features surrounding the entrance in Ancient Roman House could reflect its willingness to influence the potential visitors of these houses to participate in this effort for identifying the characteristics (perceptions, style of life) of each houses owner – also to identify the trends that characterized the particular era regarding the construction of buildings. It is for this reason that extensive reference is made in the specific article on the methods and the principles that could be used for the interpretation of Ancient Roman

ROMBO - RICK SANTORUM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ROMBO - RICK SANTORUM - Assignment Example Despite his appearance as neat, he is viewed with a paint-ball-gun that aims Santorum cutout cardboards struggling to ensure they are filled with mud. Here the metaphor portrays irony since a well-groomed individual like the look-alike of Romney is not expected to be involved in activities of mudslinging; spoiling a competitors name in order to be viewed as the appropriate contester. Hence, Romney is portrayed as an insincere candidate out to spoil other individual’s names. Additionally, there is an on-screen visual that claims the advisor to Romney admitted that Obamacare’s blue print was Romneycare. Romney and Santorum are all republican while the Obamacare was from the Democratic Presidential election. Here the metaphor is employed to stress the point that since Romneycare is similar to Obamacare, the voters for the republican should not adapt it and altogether not trust Romney as he can be capable of betraying them as he does not have the interests of the republicans at heart. Finally, there is another onscreen ad that informs that Rom could cost him votes. This is complimented by the illustration of the gun-toting Romney look-alike mudslinger ending up slinging mud on him. Hence, it depicts that the voters might end up turning against

Profile of Offshore Financial Center - Bahamas Term Paper

Profile of Offshore Financial Center - Bahamas - Term Paper Example Particularly for the offshore company, it requires to perform several checks and researches into the preferred offshore financial center to ensure that investing in that market can guarantee fruitful financial returns (Zorome, 2007). It is against this background that periodic environmental assessment analyses are performed for various offshore financial centres to test their financial viability for specific offshore companies and offshore countries. In the current paper, the spotlight is put on Bahamas as an offshore financial center to critically understudy the viability of that financial market as a preferred entity to use to raise capital Intel Corporation prior to doing an initial public offer. The profiling of Bahamas as a viable offshore financial center is done along six major parameters as outlined below. Secrecy and Views In the financial market, such as the offshore financial center, issues of secrecy and views are very important for the determination of financial transpar ency of a given center. It is for this reason that the need to study the secrecy and views that prevails on the Bahamian offshore market, such as financial secrecy is very important for making decision on the selection of the country as an entity for raising capital for an initial public offer. Nyangosi, Arora and Sing (2009) has explained that situations of financial secrecy exists when financial institutions refuse to disclose crucial financial information to the appropriate authorities for tax decision making and other criminal law enforcement policies. In effect, a higher scoring on financial secrecy index is a negative indication for satisfactory financial transparency. Meanwhile according to the Tax Justice Network (2011), the scoring for Bahamas in financial transparency is 83%, indicating an unacceptable level of secrecy and suppression of views. From the graph below, it will be noted that from a 15 financial secrecy indicator, Bahamas scored negative marks for most of the i ndicators. Source: Tax Justice Network (2011) For investors wanting to choose Bahamas as a preferred entity to use to raise capital for Intel Corporation prior to doing an IPO, the risk of not knowing the legitimate financial values and figures for most indicators that will be necessary for taking stock market decisions prevails (Breiman et al, 2009). Having stated the above however, it is important to stress the point that new policies and reforms have started emerging in Bahamas that make incumbent upon the country to have a free economy and exchange information as specified in Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guidelines (Riyadh, Akter and Islam, 2009). Proximity to US Proximity has always been said to be an important factor in the determination of an offshore financial center destination for raising capital for Intel Corporation ahead of an initial public offer. This is because most offshore companies that operate in offshore financial centers do so b y operating parent companies that govern and run the key organizational

Choose two questions from three questions Assignment

Choose two questions from three questions - Assignment Example All the same, despite how much we know, there are many myths and legends that have evolved over the years concerning this pivotal era and the war that ensued are, simply, not accurate. Much of this inaccuracy involves the institution of slavery and the slave trade. Although it remains a true crime of humanity and shameful act, it is not exactly the way the history books, television, and film would have us believe. One, particular myth is that the American Civil War was fought specifically and solely to put an end to slavery. We have been told that slavery is a direct evil and consequence of a capitalist system, however, that is hardly true. Slavery in many forms existed long before humans kept actual records, let alone established a capitalist society. Another myth concerning the institution of slavery involves the idea the slavery was a reaction to discrimination and racism, however, race played a very small role in slavery around the world. It was not until the 15th century that slavery became specifically associated with people of African descent. One of the most common myths of African slavery is the image of Caucasian slave masters capturing and netting African natives. This may have occurred in some instances, but the majority of African slaves taken from Africa were enslaved and sold by other Africans. Many believe the United States was the greatest recipient of transported slaves; however that is not true, 90% of the slaves brought directly by ship were taken to the Caribbean. Finally is the com plete misconception that once the African peoples were enslaved they became helpless and compliant. There are more than 250 different reports of slave uprising on board slave ships. These people continued to fight to maintain their freedom and later their history and culture. It was never possible for their Master’s to completely break them down (Mintz 1). From before the Revolutionary War the colonists of new world were already arguing the issue of slavery

Managing Behaviour in the Classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Behaviour in the Classroom - Essay Example Few of them are private or public schools that are attended by minority of the children. Other than this, there are schools that are operated by charities and the children’s fee is paid by local authorities. (Cameron, 1998) Due to the range of types of pupil that are enrolled in schools all over the state it becomes difficult to adopt a specific strategy for all of them. Therefore, the class behaviour has become a challenge for the administration. The challenging behaviour of the students in the class is considered the most stressful part of the teaching. It is the one and only aspect of school life that most likely becomes a challenge for most of the teachers. The fact to be considered is that great teaching is all about the relationship that is built between a teacher and a student. This means there is no magical formula that can transform the poor behaviour of the class into a class that holds a proper decorum and sophistication. However, if the management improves this problem then there would be widespread benefits not only on small scale, for schools and colleges, but also on the massive level i.e. the society. The problematic behaviour in the classroom affects a very wide variety of people. It also varies in a wide range from threatening the security and attainments of the other students to the source of stress for staff as well. Some of the behavioural problems can be unhealthy for the learning experience for a particular person of the group. Also, there are few misbehaviour types that the professionals have to go through while teaching post graduate students. For instance, attention-seeking behaviour is the type in which students usually interrupt others while speaking. Another misconduct type is the inappropriate conversations that include topics like alcohol, drugs, and sex etc. The next type is defiance in which students tend to challenge the authority by not refusing or not complying with their commands. Other than this, inappropriate

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The falling oil prices have forced oil producers to adopt survival measures that include layoffs of many employees. Other companies related to the oil industry are also feeling the effects of the continued reduction of oil prices. Indeed, the mining and logging industry fired 3,000 employees last month (Zumbrun 1). Moreover, Schlumberger seeks to lay off about 9,000 employees since the plunging oil prices are jeopardizing production (Strauss 1). Hercules Offshore Inc is also planning to fire about 324 employees since oil producers are not willing to renew contracts for their offshore drilling rigs (Sparshott 1). Most notable U.S. economists assert that suppliers of U.S oil and gas companies will fire about 40,000 employees while equipment manufacturers could lay off 5,500 employees by December this year (Zumbrun 1). I support the need to address the issue of plunging oil prices since they threaten employment rates in U.S. In addressing the issue, U.S will safeguard the jobs at oil companies, supplying, and manufacturing companies associated with the oil industry. I am grateful of your time and continued coverage of this

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The broad membership of the panel includes people from investor community, law practitioners in the city and people from business houses. The panel became a statuary body in May-06, thereby giving it the power to enforce its rules and lows in compliance of the code. The code of the panel is also included in the part 28 of the Companies Act 2006. It is the overall responsibility of the panel towards policy making, financing and administrating functions or the Panel and its code. The two committees of Panel include the Hearing Committee and the Code Committee. It also has a Panel Executive that carries out the daily work of the Panel and is creditworthy of general administration. The Panel operates with 6 general principles, 38 rules and 4 fundamental objectives which include equal and fair treatment for shareholders, availability of information to the shareholders in proper and timely manner, restoring fair markets and preventing frustration action against any of them. B. Identify and examine economic reasons for acquisitions and mergers and discuss why the expected economic benefits may not be achieved? The primary reason for acquisitions and mergers by a firm is its desire and effort to increase its market power. For increase the size and market capitalization of the firm, company’s go for horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers. Other economic reasons for acquisitions and mergers include overcoming of market barriers, increased speed to the market by increasing market capitalization and gaining access to new markets, overcoming the high risk and high costs of new product development, diversification into other activities/businesses, and reshaping the firm’s competitive scope. Some companies go for mergers and acquisitions to restructure their cost of capital by increasing/diluting equity and through leverage buyouts. More often cross border acquisitions offer the company with cheap access to resources like labour and raw materials, modern technology and sometimes benefits from legality. Sometimes the expected benefits out of a merger and acquisition may not be achieved by the firms. Many firms tend to increase their cost of capital post merger rather than decreasing it. Moreover, in case of leverage buyouts many companies fall in liquidity and solvency risks by increasing their debt equity ratio more than anticipated. For a successful merger and acquisition a firm needs to understand the culture of the organization it is aiming to acquire. The firm many not receive a good support from the employees and stakeholders of the organization acquired which reduces the economic benefits expected out of the acquisition. Another primary concern in the acquisitions is the valuation of company to be acquired. In case of high valuations where a company pays high price in excess of market value for acquiring other company, economic benefits tend to dry down over a period of time. Part 2 Identify the long term funding options avail able for unquoted small and medium business enterprises, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these funding options. Small and medium businesses (SME’s) include the companies that are not listed in stock exchange and wherein business is owned by a limited number of people. Moreover, there includes family partnerships in which individuals start-off with the purpose of achieving self employment. SME’s face problems in getting financing primarily due to

Black Cat Essay Example for Free

Black Cat Essay In Poes The Black Cat, the cat acts as an instrument of justice. The story illustrates that the narrator tortures his pets. Moreover, he kills his wife and the black cat brutally. He tries his best to hide the dead body of his wife. But when the second cat screams and reveals the body to the police officers , it brought about justice to narrators wife and all those animals whom narrator had tortured. Thus the cat indirectly punishes the narrator by revealing the dead body of his wife to the corps. To begin with, the narrator is portrayed as an evil-doer in the story and he deserves punishment for his crimes. For example, the he begins to suffer violent mood swings under the influence of alcohol.He takes to mistreating not only other animals but also his wife. During this uncontrollable rage he spares only Pluto(the black cat). One night when Pluto bites his hand, he cuts out one of the cats eyes. This shows his vengeful behaviour. He keeps on committing wrong just for the sake of wrong. Then, one night he hangs the cat from a tree , where it dies.Furthermore,one day when narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar , the second cat gets under his feet and nearly trips him down the stairs . In a fury, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife. Enraged, he kills her with the axe instead. These actions of narrator throw light upon his merciless and cruel nature. Moreover , he tries to escape from punishment and hides the dead body. Thus, the action of the cat in the end of the story is completely justified. In conclusion, the second cat ultimately serves as the facilitator of justice when it reveals the corpses hiding place at the end of tale. Its initial appearance on the top of a hogstead of rum emphasizes its moral purpose.

Compare and Contrast the Reasons Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast the Reasons Essay Suppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following: The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different. This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different? Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write: While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions. Now you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper: While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government. Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isnt one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of evidence. Lets look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twains novel Huckleberry Finn. This will be easy, you think. I loved Huckleberry Finn! You grab a pad of paper and write: Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel. Why is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twains novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about whyits such a great novel—what do Hucks adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write: In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore. Heres a working thesis with potential: you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation; however, its still not clear what your analysis will reveal. Your reader is intrigued, but is still thinking, So what? Whats the point of this contrast? What does it signify? Perhaps you are not sure yet, either. Thats fine—begin to work on comparing scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Hucks actions and reactions. Eventually you will be able to clarify for yourself, and then for the reader, why this contrast matters. After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write: Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twains Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave civilized society and go back to nature. This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

French Essays Abortion Laws in France

French Essays Abortion Laws in France Abortion laws in France does the system support a pro-choice or pro-life ideology? The way in which abortion has been viewed culturally has changed dramatically over time. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, attitude change began to liberalise alongside the social and cultural changes spreading through Western Europe.   A number of factors have been presented in the literature as contributing to the ‘wave of change’ evident in contemporary feelings towards abortion. Approximately 50 million abortions are currently carried out worldwide regardless of the differences in laws between countries. More than one-third of these procedures are performed illegally (mainly in the developing world) with nearly one-half taking place outside the health care systems. Once deemed a sin punishable by death, with more relaxed and liberal attitudes towards sexuality and reproduction, the act of aborting a foetus is now seen by many as a woman’s right. Often classified under the title of a ‘pro-choice’ standpoint, the decision of whether to continue with a pregnancy is seen to rest with the individual, and Governments following this perspective should thus offer the procedure in a safe and supportive environment demonstrating their recognition that a woman should have the right of control over their own fertility. Around two-thirds of the world’s women live in such countries, where abortion can be carried out on request, or for a range of reasons. Such laws have led to the development and rise of safe and legal abortions, leading to the rates of pregnancy-related complications such as death for mother or infant, to decrease. The pace of such liberalisation is however not constant across continents and countries, and laws differ in whether reasons need to be given in regards to the request of the abortion, conditions involved in obtaining treatment, and lastly whether consent of some form, other than that of the female is required. Different levels of explanation required before the abortion is provided can vary from physical and mental health risks to the mother and foetus, to socio-medical or socio-economic reasons, to abortion upon request (predominantly within first trimester). Also, consent in some countries is required for minors (under 16 years, UK) or in more restrictive nations from the spouse of married women (Japan, Turkey). Countries that have more stringent and restrictive conditions have contributed to the slowing in abortion law reform, with restrictions actually increasing within the legal systems of some places. Often classified as a ‘pro-life’ perspective, such countries vie w the right of the foetus to life from conception, irrespective of the wishes of the mother. Countries that clearly fall into this category include the United States, where further liberalisation of abortion through changes to the law, have been blocked. Abortion laws in France currently allow women to have an abortion up to 12 weeks into pregnancy; however there are a number of processes that women must comply with in order to get the procedure authorised. Not only do French women wishing to get an abortion have to attend mandatory ‘pre-abortion counselling’ but they also need to adhere to a seven day cooling-off period after the counselling before the abortion can take place. France had in earlier time been especially restrictive in its allowance of abortion; during Nazi occupation in 1940-1941 abortion was a criminal offence, and those practicing in providing abortions could be punished by death if convicted – a lady who had performed a number of illegal abortions around this time was executed in 1942. Although the death penalty was dropped in 1944, abortions were still performed in secret up until the 1970’s when French law was relaxed in order to allow women to have an abortion up to tenth week of preg nancy (Law No. 79-1204 of 31 December 1979) and this was then increased in 2001 to be available up to week 12. After this time the agreement of two physicians stating the health of the woman is endangered is required in order to allow an abortion to be performed. The implications of these requirements can mean a number of things for women. The time limit within French laws often mean that French women wanting to terminate their pregnancy after the twelfth week are required to travel elsewhere (such as the UK) in order to get the treatment. This itself can incur financial consequences through cost of travel and possibly prolonged time off work, but also psychologically as their support systems may not be accessible when abroad, and the stress of travelling to a foreign land with a different language may also add considerably to an already distressing situation. In cases where a woman is within the timeframe to get the abortion in France, so-called counselling sessions are often biased towards getting the female to keep the baby and can thus prove emotionally and psychologically challenging and upsetting, whilst the waiting period can prolong stress and distress levels with having to wait for the procedure to take place. Such actions can theref ore severely interfere with the woman’s decision making process, which ultimately has the potential to lead to a decision being made that will later be regretted. The time limit of twelve weeks thus limits women’s choice to have an abortion, and when the limit is missed can either lead to an unwanted child or the instigation of an illegal abortion that is likely to be under less safe, with greater health risks than regulated abortions, or where the woman is required to travel outside the country with the associated stressors of doing so, to have the procedure completed. As to whether French laws are thus consistent with a pro-choice or pro-life approach, the distinction in this country is not clear cut. The fact that women (over 16) may opt for an abortion on request without specific reasoning given, without consent from another required, appears to be consistent with the liberal pro-choice perspective. However the relatively strict time limit imposed, coupled with the enforced and often biased ‘counselling’ and set waiting period before the procedure can be performed does appear to attempt to make it as difficult as possible within the framework of French law, for the woman to terminate her unwanted pregnancy. French law can therefore be seen to be more pro-life than other similar western European countries such as the UK where counselling is not mandatory, and abortion can be performed up to 24 weeks into pregnancy. French law may in light of the points discussed, be seen to fall within some median point on the continuum between pro-life and pro-choice ideology, which may seen to benefit from giving the unborn foetus a degree of right to life, and yet also be seen to be restricting women in respect to their own reproduction capacity, in comparison to similar European countries, which may anger many in our culturally liberal modern day society. ESSAY PLAN: ABORTION LAWS IN FRANCE: DOES THE SYSTEM SUPPORT A PRO-CHOICE OR PRO-LIFE IDEOLOGY? INTRODUCTIONWhat has the background to abortion laws been, and how has mood and societal reflection on the topic changed over time†¦ PRO-CHOICE PROLIFE EXPLANATIONWhat are the pro-life and pro-choice movements, and what does each of these perspectives involve†¦. THE LAWS IN FRANCE Current laws and requirements for abortion to be granted IS FRANCE PRO-LIFE OR PRO-CHOICE?Are French laws consistent with a pro-life or pro-choice ideology? CONCLUSION OF THE POINTS REFERENCES Abortion in Law, History and Religion (1995) Childbirth by choice Trust ‘Abortion Policy: France’ The Population Policy Data Bank: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat Gearty, C (2004) ‘The politics of abortion’ The Tablet Latham, C ‘Policy networks and reproductive rights in France and Britain’ BRIEFING PAPERS ‘Crafting an abortion law that respects women’s rights: Issues to consider’ (2004) Center for Reproductive Rights ‘Safe and legal abortion is a woman’s human right’ (2004) Center for Reproductive Rights INTERNET RESOURCES http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/population/abortion/France.abo.htmhttp://www.protectchoice.org/http://www.abortionfacts.com/http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/al11.asp

College Admissions Essay: A Person is Nothing Without Dreams :: College Admissions Essays

A Person is Nothing Without Dreams    My inspiration to succeed has always come from within. As a child, I had the vision of becoming a star and a role model for the next generation. I applied to Harvard because I believe it will help me fulfill those dreams. I am a person who is driven to achieve, and help others. The adversity of living in a small town, the frustration of being different, of looking to rise above and realize my own autonomy has helped me grow. The next step in my growth is Harvard. I am also a person who has a strong connection to beauty and art. I have been able to surmount any and all tribulations, and use music as my outlet. Music for me is the manifestation of one's own expression beyond words. Music is something that has always helped me go beyond the status quo and realize who I am and who I want to be. Music is knowledge, which will lead me to my own meaning of life. With the help of college, experience, and my own expression I hope to gain knowledge and wisdom. College is a process (among many others), which directs me to my next move in life. It is a step that I am obliged to take to gain a wider horizon of this world. One day I hope to apply all that I have learned to reach my goals and help others. A person is nothing without dreams. I live every day with this constant reminder written on a post-it note hidden in my wallet. It reminds me that I have a long way to go in life. I am still small and insignificant in many ways and have not yet broken free from my cocoon.

Rite Aid Stock Analysis :: essays research papers

I chose to analyze the third largest retail drugstore chain in the United States, Rite Aid Corporation. I chose to analyze Rite Aid Corp. because our family owns approximately 1200 shares and we have taken quite a loss on our investment. We are in the process of deciding whether or not we should sell our stock. Additionally, my Mother has been a pharmacist at Rite Aid Corp for 11 years and she often pays close attention to the financial stability of the company. We both feel that when you are employed by a corporation, that the corporation should be financially stable. A financially secure employer is one who generally offers better compensation and advancement to its employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rite Aid Corp. has its corporate headquarters located at 30 Hunter Lane, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 17001, and their telephone number is (717) 761-2633. Rite Aid’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Pacific Stock Exchange under the trading symbol â€Å"RAD† The board of directors consists of 11 members. Robert G. Miller is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairman of the Board. The board is mainly male in gender with only 2 female directors. One of these females is Mary F. Sammons, president of the Rite Aid Corp. She is not only the President of the company, but also fulfils the role as Chief Operating Officer. The majority of the members are over the age of 55 years, with the youngest member being 43 years old and the oldest being 72 years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rite Aid Corp. sells â€Å"prescription drugs and a wide assortment of general merchandise that they call ‘front-end products,’ including over-the-counter medications, health and beauty aids and personal care items, cosmetics, greeting cards, household items, convenience foods, photo processing services, and seasonal merchandise.† They are distinguished â€Å"from other national chain drugstores, in part, through their private label brands, their ‘stores-within-Rite Aid stores’ program with GNC and by their Internet presence. The sale of prescription drugs alone represents 59.5% of their total sales. Over-the-counter drugs and personal care items (10.9%), health and beauty aids (5.8%), and general merchandise (23.8%) account for the remaining 40.5% of their total 2001 fiscal year sales. Rite Aid Corp. operates in the highly competitive retail drugstore industry. â€Å"In the sale of prescription drugs, they compete with, among others, retail drugstore chains, independently owned drugstores, mass merchandisers, supermarkets, discount stores, and mail order pharmacies.

Personal Narrative- Victim of Robbery Essay -- Personal Narrative

Personal Narrative- Victim of Robbery My story started about a week ago. I was heading to bed early, because I was tired from a long day with plans to wake up a few hours before class to review for a test. As I closed my books for the evening and headed to bed around midnight, little did I know something was going on outside. A little later that night someone entered my garage, which was so conveniently unlocked. They first rummaged through my dad’s van outside and I think they stole his coat, a tape and a few rolls of film. They also sifted through my mom’s car looking for something to steal, only to find a few motivational tapes. Surprising enough they passed those including one on "Getting Rid Of Guilt." When they got into my car however, they decided to take most of what I had. They stole my CD player, taking part of my dash with it. They also took most of my CD collection and the liner to my new Columbia coat. They even took my flashlight. They then vanished as quickly as they had come. My mom woke me the following morning. She had decided to bring me breakfast in bed...

The 2nd Battle of Ypres, April 1915

The second battle of Ypres, Belgium April, 1915 involved the allied troops and the German Troops. Faltenhayn (German chief of general staff) had a big hand in starting this battle. Poison gas was introduced in this battle by the Germans against the Allied troops. Canada‘s bravery in the battle made a good reputation for itself. In 1915, Faltenhayn had planned to be defensive in the west, but decided to be offensive near Ypres. This is what caused the 2nd battle of Ypres. He wanted to pre-empt any coming Franco British attack in the west (Duputy 217). This means that Faltenhayn wanted to attack the Allied troops before they attacked Germany. In the battle the Germans attacked with artillery, after the attack was done the Allied troops waited for Germany‘s first wave but Germany surprised the allied troops by doing something totally unexpected. Poison gas was used by the Germans in this battle against the Allied troops. Faltenhayn agreed to use poison gas in the attack even though in 1907 Germany signed a treaty forbidding the use of poison gas. The German army filled poison gas into canisters and brought it to the front line. If the wind was heading in the right direction they would open the canisters and the gas would drift across no-man's land to the Allied troops. But the allied troops decided to fire artillery to the front line of Germany so the canisters would break and the Germans would die (Duputy 218). Germany used the poison gas against two French colonial divisions, which caused the French army to run away. Canadians were not affected by the poison gas because they used wet (with water) cotton bandoliers to cover their mouths and noses so they counter-attacked on the same day, which made a good reputation for the Canadian army. â€Å"On April 22nd 1915, the 1st Canadian Division has just arrived at the front which was located just outside the city of Ypres, near Belgium. Here they achieved recognition for holding their ground against the new weapon of choice in modern warfare known as chlorine gas†. (vac) Canada entered the battle because it was one of the colonies of Great Britain. The Canadians withdrew from the battle on May 3rd, where they were relieved by British forces† (vac). Canada was sympathized for its bravery, thankfulness, and its efforts during this battle. The 2nd battle of Ypres also gave Canada a good reputation in the world. This battle involved the Allied troops and Germany. Faltenhayn decided to be offensive near Ypres in 1915. Poison gas was used by the Germans against the allied troops. Canada, being one of the colonies of Great Britain was involved in this battle and set a good reputation for itself in the battle for its hard work, and bravery.

Plato and the Concept of Knowledge Essay

Plato’s Theaetetus is a dialogue that discusses and attempts to find a definition of knowledge. The two characters, Socrates and Theaetetus, approach the argument with the initial idea that knowledge is the addition of a true judgment and an account. However, Socrates raises some concerns regarding the fundamental aspects that make the definition true. Ultimately, the two characters find that their original definition of knowledge is not as accurate, nor as simple as they once believed. The article opens with Theaetetus recalling a definition of knowledge he once heard, which stated â€Å"true judgment with an account is knowledge [and is therefore knowable], and the kind without an account falls outside the sphere of knowledge [and is therefore unknowable]† (126). Socrates begins to question one’s ability to determine whether something is or is not knowable, and he demonstrates the concept using the relationship between elements and complexes. In doing so, he explains a recent dream of his, which, in turn, is actually an explanation of Dream Theory. Dream Theory states that â€Å"the primary elements, of which we and everything else are composed, have no account. Each of them itself, by itself, can only be named† (126). In other words, as elements cannot be broken down further, elements cannot have an account because that would require the determining of whether or not the said elements exist. The addition of that information onto the original element itself results in something that is no longer in its simplest form. Therefore, no elements can have accounts, nor can they be knowable; elements can only be perceived. Consequently, this poses the question as to whether or not complexes are knowable given that their elements are not. When complexes are viewed as the sum of all their elements, it is safe to conclude that the complexes are unknowable, as their elements are unknowable. This idea allowed Socrates to then consider whether complexes were mere sums or if they should instead be viewed as wholes that cannot be dissected into parts. However, the problem with this idea is that, when viewed as a whole that cannot be separated, the complex is then no different than an element, and therefore cannot have an account. After failing to determine what does and does not have an account, Socrates decides to turn his attention to determining what constitutes an account. First, he defines it as stating one’s judgment through speech. Immediately, this manifests flaws in the sense that any true statement could then be considered an account. If this were the case, there would be no differentiation between an account and a true judgment. Next, he defines an account as listing the elements of the things known. Again, this must be incorrect because the possibility exists that one could simply memorize the elements without actually understanding them. Without understanding, one cannot have knowledge. Finally, he defines an account as differentiating the known thing from everything else. This would require knowledge of the differences, and ultimately would again be a reiteration of the true judgment. Additionally, one would be defining knowledge as true judgment plus knowledge, which would be considered a fallacy. This marks the final turning point in Socrates’s and Theaetetus’s overall definition of knowledge, where the two characters decide that their initial definition could not be considered correct. Through their attempts to dissect the supposed explanation of knowledge, Socrates and Theaetetus finally reach the conclusion that knowledge is â€Å"neither perception, nor true judgment, nor an account added to true judgment† (133).

Complexity of Construction Techniques and Typology

COMPLEXITY OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND TYPOLOGY The edifices have become more complex in the modern universe. This grade of complexness is a derived function of an iconic image or most significantly the intent it serves. Different typologies demand different attack in footings of construction and aesthetics, the latter being a major driving factor in modern edifices. Nowadays, many of them have high grades of electrical and mechanical installings, employ sophisticated construction systems and serve changing demands of several terminal users. This grade of complexness differs among laypersons, interior decorators, undertaking directors and building directors. Six cardinal steps of the complexness can be building construction and map, building methodological analysis, the urgency of the undertaking agenda, edifice size/ graduated table, geological conditions and neighbouring environment. Hence, the complexness of edifice undertakings is defined as a typical of edifice undertakings that are convoluted, multifaceted, and composed of m any interlinked parts. Though the complexness can’t be enumerated but taking different edifice typologies into consideration it can be viewed in signifier of proficient complexness of undertaking, sum of convergences and inter dependences in building phases, undertaking organisation, and capriciousness of work at site. The degree of complexness was non different in the common edifices of yesteryear. The nature and sum of hazard was mitigated by repeat of same edifice signifiers for different typologies with building procedure being same in footings of stuffs and techniques and the promotion in engineering was implemented in an incremental mode. The monumental graduated table of the Roman cathedrals, the pyramid, the Grecian temples and the mighty Taj Mahal underwent a complex process of building which evolved as a form with clip. For case, the steps for doing Taj Mahal stable on the Bankss of the Yamuna River the foundation was taken deep plenty to bear the colossal construction. Different typologies of the edifices demanded different graduated table but the nature of building technique was same unlike the present context where options for taking a edifice stuff and the manner are countless. Taking redevelopment of the old heritage edifices into context and besides taking into history the fact of t ransition taking to typology alteration in a child or major manner, the installing of service line and transforming the support system pose strong jobs. The installing of retrofit air conditioning in the edifices and risk-prediction upon refurbished activities are the jobs which are greater than the affected faced of the edifice. The shutting of the gap made for the natural airing to obtain an enclosed infinite further increase the complexnesss. The modern progresss in different typology whether a residential, an institutional or an industrial forced people to look at the construction in a different manner. The perceptual experience of modern edifices has changed over the span of last century. Construction techniques have drastically changed with the inclusion of modern comfortss which have become an inevitable demand. Electrification, air conditioning, composite buildings, drape walls, fire protection, structural damping, automatic controls, computing machine webs and high public presentation glazing are some of them. While choosing the support system and the stuffs the demand for them being taken into consideration is high. They may change for same edifice constituents of the different typologies. For case roofing system for a commercial built signifier varies from that of a residential to commercial and industrial built signifier. In footings of modern building four chief beginnings of complexness are as follows: Refined edifice constituents: For centuries, steel, concrete, wood have been used for centuries as a base stuff since ages. Fabrication of constituents from these stuffs has gone through infinite transmutations. Architecturally in complex edifices today, these stuffs are frequently required to presume 3-dimensional geometries that can non be adequately described with planar programs and subdivisions. In add-on, they need to run into structural and environmental public presentation. Criteria. Driven by the handiness of inexpensive computing machine power and by the pressing demand to conserve resources about any system can be automatically controlled from window blinds to electrical lighting. This system seems to simplify the building procedure but the complexness may non be altered wholly. With greater understanding come more specialisation and frequently more elaborate and complex ordinance. Virtually any signifier can be erected provided it can be made to stand up. The lone restraints on this are aesthetic in footings of beat and economic ( where the repeatability of elements can give important cost nest eggs in fiction ) . The three key quality demands are as follows: Glass has recently been established as a charming stuff since it provides transparence and flow. But, building and managing troubles make glass vulnerable stuff excessively. Initially glass was a symbol of these institutional edifices but in the modern universe glass has established itself as a major driving force in finding the destiny of construction. Glass now non merely is a facade covering component but besides has its varied usage. For case laminated glass is used in flooring every bit good, with the repairing techniques being farther composite in nature. Discoursing a national and an international illustration: I.M. Pei’s invention at the Louvere in Paris divides sentiment aggressively, but, it has decidedly improved things for visitants to this really busy museum who can line up under shadiness. This shadowing factor can be achieved by the agencies of Teflon or PVC awning for little infinites. This material choice would hold besides been based upon the strength of lumi nosity required in the needed infinite. So the graduated table affairs in footings of edifice stuffs and hence raises its complexness. Even for the residential infinites fanlights are most likely beginning of indirect visible radiation into the built signifier and associated with this are the installing and care factor which have to be taken attention of in big commercial infinites like promenades. In another illustration of national importance, Infosys block, Mysore designed by Hafiz contractor: jagged frontages and lopsided fragment manner aesthetics of the package development block. There are no concrete walls in the lift. Laminated glass, dual glazing and ceramic frit glass have been used to organize the outer tegument of this construction. Each lift of this edifice undertakings a alone face. The stairwaies inside are steel, maintaining with the image of the edifice. In such illustration of institutional edifices Prefabricated stuffs have been encouraged due to less handiness of building clip period and several other restraints. Commercial typologies avoid utilizing concrete due to several jobs in past like stain, grading, maddening, checking and curving. The clip factor of building with mention to these prefabricated elements has drastically reduced but at the same clip disadvantages of prefabrication includes: inflexibleness towards alteration in design, joinery and escape, higher initial building cost since, cost is an instrumental factor in make up one's minding the complexness of building and trappings for any typology of edifice. For illustration in instance of any industrial godown or warehouses for put ining a corrugated roofing of GI sheet structural frame work need non be aesthetically appealing but in instance of the same roofing at a resort the construction layout of trussing is taken into consideration in order to accomplish aesthetically sound system, which straight amplifies th e cost factor and farther complexness may increase in footings of silent person supports or laid out projections and pillars. Apart from general building format iconic formats are larger aesthetics concentric. This monumental graduated table can’t conceal the complexness associated with it ; its public presentation standards and long tally are an issue excessively. The Valencia Opera House designed by the Spanish designer Santiago Calatrava took 14 old ages for completion. The edifice described as â€Å"a blend of seagoing vas and spacecraft† or even â€Å"a elephantine warrior’s helmet† is a chef-d'oeuvre of modern architecture. The building required over 77,000m? of concrete, 275,000m? of Earth motion, 1,750 additive metres of hemorrhoids, 38,500m? of granite, 20,000m? of fractured ceramic tile mosaic, 3,360m? of glass, 20,000,000kg of structural corrugated steel and 10,000,000kg of structural steel. The roof or ‘feather plume ‘ is the most structurally dramatic item, 230m in length and dwelling of two ‘shells ‘ which embrace the edifice on the exterior. These are constructed of laminated steel with an approximative weight of 3,000t and feature delicate mosaic ceramic work on the exterior. This portion of the edifice comments the most complex in the full domain structurally. The order of impressiveness can’t be negotiated over the construction as the theatre has a metal shell that tends to clasp as it expands and contracts in Valencia’s day-to-day temperature extreme. Such complexnesss make the building procedure of such constructions on monolithic graduated table problematic. Another illustration of such typology of infinite which requires public engagement and graduated table, Guggenheim museum even the Ti sheets on the exterior facade can non conceal the structural uses of interior infinite. The complexness of insides of this Double tegument construction is apparent from the observation of the art critic Brian O’ Doherty who though being positive about the building’s attack criticizes the museum’s interior effects. In different aspects of the modern universe complexness of constructing building with regard to changing typology of built signifiers viz. institutional, residential and industrial majorly depends upon the its map, graduated table and aesthetics. Renovation of old built signifiers is enumerated among them and chiefly depends upon the services every bit good. Cost and lastingness are secondary factors that determine complexness of a construction to larger extent. Concrete and glass as a edifice stuff have garnered major grasp. Prefabrication highlights the clip facet of building procedure and besides has some disadvantages. Covering with the built signifier the complexness considerations or countries of concern should be taken into history. The demand and aesthetics being chief drive factor for choice of stuff and technique, the complexness of building techniques varies and besides depends upon physical constituents and context.

Karma in Bhagavad-Gita and Shakuntala Essay

In _Bhagavad- Gita_, dharma and karma are two controlling forces of the ultimate destinies of the people to preserve and conserve the Hindu social order. Arjuna, the protagonist, is torn between two choices, either to perform his dharma for the emancipation of the spirit or to fight against his kin that would probably result to evil karma. He belongs to a compelling position in the Hindu social order because of his birth and occupation, making him locked up from the supposed ultimate freedom (Mack, 1995). The dharma of Arjuna complicates his status in the social hierarchy thus makes him doubtful in performing his duties and responsibilities both as a Hindu warrior and a kin. He may have the control over his spirit and he may choose to receive a good karma, but his dharma contradicts and requires him to somehow disobey his self. In addition, according to Krishna, if he will withdraw from action, it is thus an act of self-delusion and the renunciation of moral and social responsibility. Krishna said that he [Arjuna] ‘†¦must learn to endure fleeting things- they come and go!† (2nd teaching: 14). He is convincing him to â€Å"fight the battle† (2nd: 18) and so if â€Å"he has courage, he is fit for immortality† (2nd: 15). He is always reminding him that his dharma requires him to fight. He adds, â€Å"No one exists for even an instant without performing action; however unwilling, every being is forced to act by the qualities of nature† (3rd: 5). Arjuna’s hesitation may be valid in some points but it is orderly since it is human nature. He is overcome by doubts because he does not wish to be guilty of the death of his kin, but Krishna tell him that â€Å"actions imprisons the world unless it is done as sacrifice; freed from attachment, Arjuna, perform action as sacrifice!† (3rd: 9). From the philosophies of Krishna mentioned above, it can be scrutinized that an individual in the Indian society must not think that performing dharma can be immoral once it may result to evil karma, but rather internalize that when performing deeds, â€Å"always perform with detachment any action you must  do; performing action with detachment, one achieves supreme good † (3rd: 19). They are not ruling dharma and karma, but they govern â€Å"to preserve the world† (3rd: 25). _Shakuntala_ also portrays a strong Hindu society and Hinduism. There is sadness and melancholy due to dharma and karma but the ultimate destinies are well-controlled. Hinduism may provide sufficient free will to man but it does not permit him grappling from the moral ambiguities that may lead to tragedy (Yohannan, 1994). Shakunta was punished because she did not able to perform her religious duties. As what Priyamvada told the King, Shakuntala â€Å"†¦has been engaged in the practiced of religious duties†; but because of her fascination and attachment to the King, she forgot her dharma for the first time, leading her to suffer evil consequences (karma). Priyamvada told her assumption to Anasuya when they were in the garden of the hermitage and said â€Å"I fear a terrible misfortune has occurred. Sakoontala, from absence of mind, must have offended some guest whom she was bound to treat with respect†. Shakuntala is the daughter of the hermit leader and a Brahman so she really has to perform her religious duties otherwise she will disobey the norm. Nevertheless, she is not destined to be forever shattered and helpless; she must gain back what and who she deserves to have, and that is to be united with the King. Through the presentation of the fate of the characters, we can say that Hinduism still favors people as long as they keep their faith and deeds according to it. For the question _how can be both paradoxical and at the same time complementary, Shakuntala_ and _Bhagavad- Gita_ have their own ways of portraying an Indian society and its religion. In _Bhagavad- Gita,_ Krishna is really the personal and true-existing (though appeared in a different form) adviser who keeps on reminding and convincing Arjuna to perform his dharma otherwise a great consequence might happen. Arjuna tends to remain in his humanness nature but his dharma tries to desolate him from his morality,  so there is his friend charioteer (Krishna) who keeps on warning him by teaching philosophies. He is overcome by his morality by killing his own kin. On the other hand, Shakuntala has not been warned before she committed such sacred crime. She was more overcome by the humanness nature that she tends to forget her dharma. Her emotions desolate her, so as punishment, her own fault kills the chance to be loved by the King. Because of their social status in the society, their dharma becomes more demanding and regulating. Both show a pleasurable sense of life and their religion guides them not to end up tragically. Both value knowledge as means to salvation and liberation. In _Shakuntala,_ the trial which she brings upon herself matures her in the knowledge of love and prepares her for the life which she is destined to live (Yohannan, 1994). In _Bhagavad- Gita_, â€Å"knowledge is obscured† (3rd: 39), therefore Krishna tells Arjuna that â€Å"kill this evil that wins knowledge and judgment† (3rd: 41) because â€Å"knowing the self beyond understanding sustain the self with the self† (3rd:43)

Tenure system

The term of office system provides faculty member stableness and a signifier of womb-to-tomb employment. Geting term of office gives a individual entree to certain fiscal and societal benefits. Furthermore, it gives a figure of freedoms and possibilities in the academic domain. From the start, the attitudes toward term of office were controversial. Hems et Al ( 2001 ) gnaws at the issue of term of office from two different waies. On the one manus, the writers stating that this system â€Å"harbors unproductive faculty† ( p.322 ) , while, on the other manus, they did non detect any connexion between â€Å"decreasing productiveness and term of office and even concluded that those faculty members possessing term of office were working more efficient† ( p.322 ) . Presents, the prevalent attitude towards term of office is positive because it provides more â€Å"freedom for the faculty† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ) , through womb-to-tomb employment, which gives the possibility for professional development and inventions. At the same clip, the fright of module members going â€Å"deadwood† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ; Hems et Al, 2001, p.322 ) and pretermiting their duties remains. Furthermore, there is a belief that term of office slows down and even restrains the procedure of academic development. Therefore, alterations are being proposed to the system such as â€Å"limited term of office at Tohoku University or alterations to the term of office policy at the University of Minnesota† ( Hems et Al, 2001, p.323 ) . Wood & A ; Johnsrud ( 2005 ) call term of office â€Å"an artefact of the values and premises of academic culture† ( p.394 ) . Harmonizing to this definition civilization of the module has a important topographic point in the procedure of acquiring term of office.Attitudes towards term of office and attacksWhile analyzing attitudes towards term of office and attacks, one should take two points of position towards civilization and socialisation in general and its topographic point in the academic society in peculiar, modernist and postmodernist point of views. Harmonizing to the modernist point of position, â€Å"an organisation ‘s civilization teaches people how to act, what to trust for, and what it means to win or fail† ( Tierney, 1997, p. 4 ) , in this instance an single adopts stable regulations, which exist in a society ( module ) . However, the postmodernist position of civilization is a â€Å"give-and-take† ( p.6 ) , one, which means that a individua l come ining a group and adopts its regulations and forms lending to the group ‘s civilization. In the domain of attitudes towards tenure the foregoing attacks shapes two different points of position. Modernist attack towards term of office is the most common one and is chiefly expressed in the manner people describe their work, for example, â€Å"the competition about the sum of working hours† or â€Å"the figure of publications one should hold in order to acquire tenure† ( Tierney, 1997, pp. 8-9 ) . On the other manus, postmodernist attitudes towards term of office can be seen through personal an involvement, which shapes the work of those willing to be granted term of office.DecisionMaking a decision for the research Tierney ( 1997 ) , understanding that the bulk of â€Å"individuals were able to subsume personal dispositions in favour of the modernist end of absorbing to the civilization to which they were being socialized† ( p.13 ) . Two chief domains define either modernist or postmodernist attitudes of the module towards term of office. The modernist attack dominates in instances where research work, which is seen through the sum of publications, is the chief standard for allowing term of office. Conversely, the postmodern sphere topographic points accent on learning. Faculty is most comfy with term of office but understands that there is room for extra alteration to the system ; nevertheless, post-tenure reappraisal has led to a figure of intense dissensions.Post-tenure reappraisalPost-tenure reappraisal is a â€Å"systematic, comprehensive procedure, separate from the one-year reappraisal, aimed specifically at measuring public presentation and/or fostering module growing and development† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, pp. 394-395 ) . This is one of the methods to avoid â€Å"deadwood† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ; Hems et Al, 2001, p.322 ) module members ; the establishment must continue the highest degree of efficiency to those being given term of office. The new system of reappraisals can be efficient merely if they are conducted often. The research conducted after the â€Å"implementation of post-tenure reappraisal shows that productiveness did increase† ( Hems et Al, 2001, p.324 ) . Still, the new system is a really problematic topic and has gained negative attitudes from the academic society. The treatment of post-tenure reappraisals is concentrated on a figure of subjects: the degree of freedom which module has with the reappraisal, the impact of term of office on efficiency of module ‘s work, and those responsible for reexamining module. Foreigners conduct post-tenure reappraisals, in bend ; the module considers this as an break of their academic work, and sees this as a restriction of their academic. The type of reappraisal supported by faculty members is â€Å"peer-to-peer† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, p.410 ) . The negative influence of term of office is argued, and, it is stated that non tenure itself but some features of the system are more influential. The influence of post-tenure reappraisals on the full academic universe is the subject being discussed the most. These reappraisals works as limitations of the freedom of instruction, and hence, faculty members are being deprived from the chief advantage granted by the system. By and large, term of office and post-tenure reappraisals have their advantages and disadvantages, which give a topographic point for the treatment of their efficiency. Tenure, which is an old system, and is being blamed for the decrease of the module ‘s work efficiency ; those with term of office are blamed for losing productiveness and general disregard of their responsibilities. Nevertheless, term of office itself, as a system, possibly the cause of the job, at the same clip, the modernist attack towards term of office may be the ground of the system ‘s unfavorable judgment for the motive. Understanding, non the term of office system itself but some of the qualities within the system are responsible for the decreasing efficiency of academic society. Post-tenure reappraisals, though, on the one manus, are able to â€Å"remove non-performing faculty† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, p.413 ) and, on the other manus, it is a menace to the academic universe. Post-tenure reappraisals can be the agencies of the intervention in the educational procedure, hence, destroying the freedom of learning. While term of office provides the module with extra support benefits, post-tenure reappraisals are able to eliminate them. The inefficiency of the term of office system has led to creative activity of post-tenure reappraisals. Still, as the reappraisals have led to a het argument, alternate ways of controling those with term of office should be farther studied.MentionsBess, J. L. ( 1998, January/February ) . Contract systems, bureaucratisms, and module motive: The likely effects of a no-tenure policy. Journal of Higher Education, 69 ( 1 ) , 1-22. Helms, M. M. , Williams, A. B. , & A ; Nixon, J. C. ( 2001 ) . TQM rules and their relevancy to higher instruction: The inquiry of term of office and post-tenure. The International Journal of Educational Management, 15 ( 6/7 ) , 322-331. Wood, M. , & A ; Johnsrud, L. ( 2005, Jumping ) . Post-tenure reappraisal: What matters to faculty. Review ofHigher Education, 28 ( 3 ) , 393-420. Tierney, W. G. ( 1997, January/February ) . Organizational socialisation in higher instruction.Journal of Higher Education, 68 ( 1 ) , 1-16.

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